scholarly journals Energy Cooperation in Ultradense Network Powered by Renewable Energy Based on Cluster and Learning Strategy

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chunhong Duo ◽  
Baogang Li ◽  
Yongqian Li ◽  
Yabo Lv
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
New Method ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
Energy Cooperation

A new method about renewable energy cooperation among small base stations (SBSs) is proposed, which is for maximizing the energy efficiency in ultradense network (UDN). In UDN each SBS is equipped with energy harvesting (EH) unit, and the energy arrival times are modeled as a Poisson counting process. Firstly, SBSs of large traffic demands are selected as the clustering centers, and then all SBSs are clustered using dynamic k-means algorithm. Secondly, SBSs coordinate their renewable energy within each formed cluster. The process of energy cooperation among SBSs is considered as Markov decision process. Q-learning algorithm is utilized to optimize energy cooperation. In the algorithm there are four different actions and their corresponding reward functions. Q-learning explores the action as much as possible and predicts better action by calculating reward. In addition, ε greedy policy is used to ensure the algorithm convergence. Finally, simulation results show that the new method reduces data dimension and improves calculation speed, which furthermore improves the utilization of renewable energy and promotes the performance of UDN. Through online optimization, the proposed method can significantly improve the energy utilization rate and data transmission rate.

scholarly journals Resource Scheduling and Energy Cooperation in HetNet with Cross-Layer Interference Constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Fanrong Kong ◽  
Yan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Basic Algorithm ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Energy Cooperation ◽  
User Data

Facing more and more severe global warming problems, renewable energy, as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels, is attracting more and more attentions due to its capability of reducing carbon emission. This paper considers two-tier HetNets with orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), where the macro base station (MBS) is powered by power grid and small base stations (SBSs) have hybrid energy supplies. Through smart grid, SBSs can share their renewable energy with each other. We consider the problem of cross-layer interference caused by spectrum reuse, the burst of user data, and the randomness of renewable energy arrivals. Through energy cooperation, this paper investigates maximizing the time-average energy efficiency of SBSs. Based on user data queue and SBS energy queue, the optimal problem is decoupled into two subproblems by Lyapunov optimization: resource allocation subproblem and energy scheduling and energy cooperation subproblem. By solving two subproblems, the online solution to the optimization problem is obtained. Through theoretical analysis and simulations, both user data queues and energy queues have an upper bound, the network is stable, and the proposed algorithm performs better than the basic algorithm without energy cooperation.

scholarly journals Multiobjective Scheduling of an Active Distribution Network Based on Coordinated Optimization of Source Network Load

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengsi Yong ◽  
Xiangyu Kong ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Zhijun E ◽  
Kai Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Chance Constrained Programming ◽  
Active Distribution Network ◽  
Network Load

With the development of active distribution networks, the means of controlling such networks are becoming more abundant, and simultaneously, due to the intermittency of renewable energy and the randomness of the demand-side load, the operating uncertainty is becoming serious. To solve the problem of source–network–load coordination scheduling, a multiobjective scheduling model for an active distribution network (ADN) is proposed in this paper. The operating cost, renewable energy utilization rate, and user satisfaction are considered as the optimization objectives, and the distributed generation (DG) output power, switch number, and incentive price for the responsive load are set as the decision variables. Then the probabilistic power flow based on Monte Carlo sampling and the chance-constrained programming are used to deal with the uncertainty of the ADN. Moreover, the reference point–based many-objective evolutionary algorithm (NSGA3) is used to solve this nonlinear, multiperiod, and multiobjective optimization problem. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in the modified IEEE 33-bus distribution system. The results show that the proposed scheduling method can effectively improve the system status.

scholarly journals Renewable energy assisted traffic aware cellular base station energy cooperation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faran Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Naeem ◽  
Waleed Ejaz ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Alagan Anpalagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Cooperation

With global concern for climate change, and for cutting down the energy cost, especially in off grid areas, use of renewable energy has been gaining widespread attention in many areas including cellular communication. The base station (BS) has emerged as a strong candidate for the integration of renewable energy sources (RES), particularly solar and wind. The incorporation of renewable energy opens many possibilities for energy conservation through strategies such as energy cooperation between BSs during the off-peak hours, when the energy harvested from renewable energy sources may become surplus. In this paper, we present the case for cellular BSs enabled with renewable energy sources (RES) to have an arrangement in which the BS provide surplus energy to a neighboring BS, thus minimizing the use of conventional energy. A realistic objective is developed for northern region of Pakistan, which entails modeling of solar panels and wind-turbine according to the average solar irradiation and wind speed of the region. We also model the dynamic load of the BS, which depicts temporal fluctuations with traffic variations. Based on these models we initiate an energy cooperation scheme between the BS in which an energy cost minimization framework is mathematically modeled and solved through the interior point method algorithm. Results are obtained for different times of the year for different number of base stations showing respective energy cost savings. Keywords: Base station Cooperation; alternate energy; cellular networks

scholarly journals Renewable energy assisted traffic aware cellular base station energy cooperation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faran Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Naeem ◽  
Waleed Ejaz ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Alagan Anpalagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Cooperation

With global concern for climate change, and for cutting down the energy cost, especially in off grid areas, use of renewable energy has been gaining widespread attention in many areas including cellular communication. The base station (BS) has emerged as a strong candidate for the integration of renewable energy sources (RES), particularly solar and wind. The incorporation of renewable energy opens many possibilities for energy conservation through strategies such as energy cooperation between BSs during the off-peak hours, when the energy harvested from renewable energy sources may become surplus. In this paper, we present the case for cellular BSs enabled with renewable energy sources (RES) to have an arrangement in which the BS provide surplus energy to a neighboring BS, thus minimizing the use of conventional energy. A realistic objective is developed for northern region of Pakistan, which entails modeling of solar panels and wind-turbine according to the average solar irradiation and wind speed of the region. We also model the dynamic load of the BS, which depicts temporal fluctuations with traffic variations. Based on these models we initiate an energy cooperation scheme between the BS in which an energy cost minimization framework is mathematically modeled and solved through the interior point method algorithm. Results are obtained for different times of the year for different number of base stations showing respective energy cost savings. Keywords: Base station Cooperation; alternate energy; cellular networks

scholarly journals Renewable Energy Assisted Cost Aware Sustainable Off-Grid Base Stations With Energy Cooperation

IEEE Access ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 60900-60920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Jahid ◽  
Md. Kamrul Hasan Monju ◽  
Md. Emran Hossain ◽  
Md. Farhad Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Energy Cooperation

scholarly journals Integrated Double-Sided Random Microlens Array Used for Laser Beam Homogenization

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 673
Author(s):  
Wei Yuan ◽  
Cheng Xu ◽  
Li Xue ◽  
Hui Pang ◽  
Axiu Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Beam ◽  
Microlens Array ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Periodic Lattice ◽  
Lattice Distribution ◽  
Speckle Field ◽  
High Laser ◽  
Alignment Problem ◽  
In Series

Double microlens arrays (MLAs) in series can be used to divide and superpose laser beam so as to achieve a homogenized spot. However, for laser beam homogenization with high coherence, the periodic lattice distribution in the homogenized spot will be generated due to the periodicity of the traditional MLA, which greatly reduces the uniformity of the homogenized spot. To solve this problem, a monolithic and highly integrated double-sided random microlens array (D-rMLA) is proposed for the purpose of achieving laser beam homogenization. The periodicity of the MLA is disturbed by the closely arranged microlens structures with random apertures. And the random speckle field is achieved to improve the uniformity of the homogenized spot by the superposition of the divided sub-beams. In addition, the double-sided exposure technique is proposed to prepare the rMLA on both sides of the same substrate with high precision alignment to form an integrated D-rMLA structure, which avoids the strict alignment problem in the installation process of traditional discrete MLAs. Then the laser beam homogenization experiments have been carried out by using the prepared D-rMLA structure. The laser beam homogenized spots of different wavelengths have been tested, including the wavelengths of 650 nm (R), 532 nm (G), and 405 nm (B). The experimental results show that the uniformity of the RGB homogenized spots is about 91%, 89%, and 90%. And the energy utilization rate is about 89%, 87%, 86%, respectively. Hence, the prepared structure has high laser beam homogenization ability and energy utilization rate, which is suitable for wide wavelength regime.

scholarly journals On the Performance of UAV-Aided Content Caching in Small-Cell Networks with Joint Transmission

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1040
Author(s):  
Menghan Wei ◽  
Youjia Chen ◽  
Ming Ding
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Small Cell Networks ◽  
Content Caching ◽  
Cell Networks ◽  
Joint Transmission

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), featured by the high-mobility and high-quality propagation environment, have shown great potential in wireless communication applications. In this paper, a novel UAV-aided small-cell content caching network is proposed and analyzed, where joint transmission (JT) is considered in the dense small-cell networks and mobile UAVs are employed to shorten the serving distance. The system performance is evaluated in terms of the average cache hit probability and the ergodic transmission rate. From the analytical results, we find that (i) the proposed UAV-aided small-cell network shows superior caching performance and, even with a small density of UAVs the system’s cache hit probability, can be improved significantly; (ii) the content’s optimal caching probability to maximize the cache hit probability is proportional to the (K+1)-th root of its request probability, where K is the number of small-cell base stations that serve each user by JT; (iii) caching the most popular content in UAVs may lead to a low transmission rate due to the limited resource offered by the low-density UAVs. Simulation results are presented to validate the theoretical results and the performance gain achieved by the optimal caching strategy.

scholarly journals Enhancing Distance Protection Performance in Transmission Systems with Renewable Energy Utilization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan Popov ◽  
Jose Chavez ◽  
Eduardo Martinez Carrasco ◽  
Maria Teresa Villen Martinez ◽  
Samuel Borroy Vicente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Distance Protection ◽  
Transmission Systems

scholarly journals Calculation and Analysis of the Interval Power Flow for Distributed Energy System Based on Affine Algorithm

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 600
Author(s):  
Bin Ouyang ◽  
Lu Qu ◽  
Qiyang Liu ◽  
Baoye Tian ◽  
Zhichang Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Distributed Energy System

Due to the coupling of different energy systems, optimization of different energy complementarities, and the realization of the highest overall energy utilization rate and environmental friendliness of the energy system, distributed energy system has become an important way to build a clean and low-carbon energy system. However, the complex topological structure of the system and too many coupling devices bring more uncertain factors to the system which the calculation of the interval power flow of distributed energy system becomes the key problem to be solved urgently. Affine power flow calculation is considered as an important solution to solve uncertain steady power flow problems. In this paper, the distributed energy system coupled with cold, heat, and electricity is taken as the research object, the influence of different uncertain factors such as photovoltaic and wind power output is comprehensively considered, and affine algorithm is adopted to calculate the system power flow of the distributed energy system under high and low load conditions. The results show that the system has larger operating space, more stable bus voltage and more flexible pipeline flow under low load condition than under high load condition. The calculation results of the interval power flow of distributed energy systems can provide theoretical basis and data support for the stability analysis and optimal operation of distributed energy systems.

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