scholarly journals Renewable Energy Assisted Cost Aware Sustainable Off-Grid Base Stations With Energy Cooperation

IEEE Access ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 60900-60920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Jahid ◽  
Md. Kamrul Hasan Monju ◽  
Md. Emran Hossain ◽  
Md. Farhad Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Energy Cooperation

scholarly journals Resource Scheduling and Energy Cooperation in HetNet with Cross-Layer Interference Constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Fanrong Kong ◽  
Yan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Basic Algorithm ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Energy Cooperation ◽  
User Data

Facing more and more severe global warming problems, renewable energy, as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels, is attracting more and more attentions due to its capability of reducing carbon emission. This paper considers two-tier HetNets with orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), where the macro base station (MBS) is powered by power grid and small base stations (SBSs) have hybrid energy supplies. Through smart grid, SBSs can share their renewable energy with each other. We consider the problem of cross-layer interference caused by spectrum reuse, the burst of user data, and the randomness of renewable energy arrivals. Through energy cooperation, this paper investigates maximizing the time-average energy efficiency of SBSs. Based on user data queue and SBS energy queue, the optimal problem is decoupled into two subproblems by Lyapunov optimization: resource allocation subproblem and energy scheduling and energy cooperation subproblem. By solving two subproblems, the online solution to the optimization problem is obtained. Through theoretical analysis and simulations, both user data queues and energy queues have an upper bound, the network is stable, and the proposed algorithm performs better than the basic algorithm without energy cooperation.

scholarly journals Energy Cooperation in Ultradense Network Powered by Renewable Energy Based on Cluster and Learning Strategy

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chunhong Duo ◽  
Baogang Li ◽  
Yongqian Li ◽  
Yabo Lv
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
New Method ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
Energy Cooperation

A new method about renewable energy cooperation among small base stations (SBSs) is proposed, which is for maximizing the energy efficiency in ultradense network (UDN). In UDN each SBS is equipped with energy harvesting (EH) unit, and the energy arrival times are modeled as a Poisson counting process. Firstly, SBSs of large traffic demands are selected as the clustering centers, and then all SBSs are clustered using dynamic k-means algorithm. Secondly, SBSs coordinate their renewable energy within each formed cluster. The process of energy cooperation among SBSs is considered as Markov decision process. Q-learning algorithm is utilized to optimize energy cooperation. In the algorithm there are four different actions and their corresponding reward functions. Q-learning explores the action as much as possible and predicts better action by calculating reward. In addition, ε greedy policy is used to ensure the algorithm convergence. Finally, simulation results show that the new method reduces data dimension and improves calculation speed, which furthermore improves the utilization of renewable energy and promotes the performance of UDN. Through online optimization, the proposed method can significantly improve the energy utilization rate and data transmission rate.

scholarly journals Renewable energy assisted traffic aware cellular base station energy cooperation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faran Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Naeem ◽  
Waleed Ejaz ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Alagan Anpalagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Cooperation

With global concern for climate change, and for cutting down the energy cost, especially in off grid areas, use of renewable energy has been gaining widespread attention in many areas including cellular communication. The base station (BS) has emerged as a strong candidate for the integration of renewable energy sources (RES), particularly solar and wind. The incorporation of renewable energy opens many possibilities for energy conservation through strategies such as energy cooperation between BSs during the off-peak hours, when the energy harvested from renewable energy sources may become surplus. In this paper, we present the case for cellular BSs enabled with renewable energy sources (RES) to have an arrangement in which the BS provide surplus energy to a neighboring BS, thus minimizing the use of conventional energy. A realistic objective is developed for northern region of Pakistan, which entails modeling of solar panels and wind-turbine according to the average solar irradiation and wind speed of the region. We also model the dynamic load of the BS, which depicts temporal fluctuations with traffic variations. Based on these models we initiate an energy cooperation scheme between the BS in which an energy cost minimization framework is mathematically modeled and solved through the interior point method algorithm. Results are obtained for different times of the year for different number of base stations showing respective energy cost savings. Keywords: Base station Cooperation; alternate energy; cellular networks

scholarly journals Renewable energy assisted traffic aware cellular base station energy cooperation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faran Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Naeem ◽  
Waleed Ejaz ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Alagan Anpalagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Cooperation

With global concern for climate change, and for cutting down the energy cost, especially in off grid areas, use of renewable energy has been gaining widespread attention in many areas including cellular communication. The base station (BS) has emerged as a strong candidate for the integration of renewable energy sources (RES), particularly solar and wind. The incorporation of renewable energy opens many possibilities for energy conservation through strategies such as energy cooperation between BSs during the off-peak hours, when the energy harvested from renewable energy sources may become surplus. In this paper, we present the case for cellular BSs enabled with renewable energy sources (RES) to have an arrangement in which the BS provide surplus energy to a neighboring BS, thus minimizing the use of conventional energy. A realistic objective is developed for northern region of Pakistan, which entails modeling of solar panels and wind-turbine according to the average solar irradiation and wind speed of the region. We also model the dynamic load of the BS, which depicts temporal fluctuations with traffic variations. Based on these models we initiate an energy cooperation scheme between the BS in which an energy cost minimization framework is mathematically modeled and solved through the interior point method algorithm. Results are obtained for different times of the year for different number of base stations showing respective energy cost savings. Keywords: Base station Cooperation; alternate energy; cellular networks

scholarly journals Renewable Energy Sharing Among Base Stations as a Min-Cost-Max-Flow Optimization Problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Benda ◽  
Xiaoli Chu ◽  
Sumei Sun ◽  
Tony Q. S. Quek ◽  
Alastair Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Flow Optimization ◽  
Energy Sharing

A Game Theoretic Framework for Green HetNets Using D2D Traffic Offload and Renewable Energy Powered Base Stations

2017 ◽  
pp. 679-711
Author(s):  
Elias Yaacoub ◽  
Hakim Ghazzai ◽  
Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Nash Bargaining Solution ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Nash Bargaining ◽  
Bargaining Solution ◽  
Green Communications ◽  
Game Theoretic

This chapter investigates the interplay between cooperative device-to-device (D2D) communications and green communications in LTE heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Two game theoretic concepts are studied and analyzed in order to perform dynamic HetNet base station (BS) on/off switching. The first approach is a coalition-based method whereas the second is based on the Nash bargaining solution. Afterwards, a method for coupling the BS on/off switching approach with D2D collaborative communications is presented and shown to lead to increased energy efficiency. The savings are additionally increased when a portion of the small cell BSs in a HetNet are powered by renewable energy sources. Different utility functions, modeling the game theoretic framework governing the energy consumption balance between the cellular network and the mobile terminals (MTs), are proposed and compared, and their impact on MT quality of service (QoS) is analyzed.

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