scholarly journals Effects of Exercise Training and Weight Loss on Plasma Fetuin-A Levels and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Older Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob B. Blumenthal ◽  
Anna Gitterman ◽  
Alice S. Ryan ◽  
Steven J. Prior
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Fetuin A ◽  
History Of

Aerobic exercise training and weight loss (AEX+WL) improves insulin sensitivity in overweight adults; however, the underlying pathways are incompletely understood. Fetuin-A, a hepatokine that inhibits insulin signaling, may be involved in the salutary effects of AEX+WL. Therefore, we examined the effects of 6-month AEX+WL on plasma fetuin-A levels (36–48 hours after the last bout of exercise), aerobic capacity (VO2max), body composition, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity (M) in 16 sedentary, overweight-obese older men (age = 60 ± 2 years, BMI = 31 ± 1 kg/m2) with no history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes. At baseline, fetuin-A levels correlated directly with adiposity and had a borderline inverse correlation with M. After AEX+WL, body weight decreased by ~10 kg, while both VO2max and M increased by 16% (P<0.005 for all). Contrary to our hypothesis, plasma fetuin-A levels increased after AEX+WL (1.16 ± 0.10 g/L versus 1.70 ± 0.19 g/L, P=0.006). This increase was unrelated to changes in body composition or glucose metabolism, but directly correlated with changes in VO2max (r=0.57, P<0.05). Thus, in overweight-to-obese older men, AEX+WL appears to increase plasma fetuin-A levels. Although not associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity, this increase in fetuin-A was related to improvements in aerobic capacity and could be representative of the cardioprotective effects of AEX+WL in older men.

Gender-dependent effects of exercise training on serum leptin levels in humans

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. E562-E566 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Hickey ◽  
J. A. Houmard ◽  
R. V. Considine ◽  
G. L. Tyndall ◽  
J. B. Midgette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity Index ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Body Fat Content

Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is elevated in obese humans and appears to be closely related to body fat content. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise training on systemic leptin levels in humans. Eighteen sedentary middle-aged men (n = 9) and women (n = 9) who did not differ in aerobic capacity (29.4 +/- 1.2 vs. 27.5 +/- 1.2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) or insulin sensitivity index (3.41 +/- 1.12 vs. 4.88 +/- 0.55) were studied. Fat mass was significantly lower in females vs. males (21.83 +/- 2.25 vs. 26.99 +/- 2.37 kg, P < 0.05). Despite this, fasting serum leptin was significantly higher in the females vs. males (18.27 +/- 2.55 vs. 9.88 +/- 1.26 ng/ml, P < 0.05). Serum leptin concentration decreased 17.5% in females (P < 0.05) after 12 wk of aerobic exercise training (4 day/wk, 30-45 min/day) but was not significantly reduced in males. Fat mass was not altered after training in either group. In contrast, both aerobic capacity (+13% males, +9.1% females) and insulin sensitivity (+35% males, +82% females) were significantly improved subsequent to training. These data suggest that 1) women have higher circulating leptin concentrations despite lower fat mass and 2) exercise training appears to have a greater effect on systemic leptin levels in females than in males.

scholarly journals Reduction in Midthigh Low-Density Muscle with Aerobic Exercise Training and Weight Loss Impacts Glucose Tolerance in Older Men

2007 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 880-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Prior ◽  
Lyndon J. Joseph ◽  
Josef Brandauer ◽  
Leslie I. Katzel ◽  
James M. Hagberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Low Density

scholarly journals Pathways in Skeletal Muscle: Protein Signaling and Insulin Sensitivity after Exercise Training and Weight Loss Interventions in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3490
Author(s):  
Alice S. Ryan ◽  
Guoyan Li ◽  
Shawna McMillin ◽  
Steven J. Prior ◽  
Jacob B. Blumenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Protein Signaling ◽  
Insulin Stimulation ◽  
Gsk 3Β

Aging and obesity contribute to insulin resistance with skeletal muscle being critically important for maintaining whole-body glucose homeostasis. Both exercise and weight loss are lifestyle interventions that can affect glucose metabolism. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a six-month trial of aerobic exercise training or weight loss on signaling pathways in skeletal muscle in the basal condition and during hyperinsulinemia during a glucose clamp in middle-aged and older adults. Overweight and obese men and women aged 50–70 years were randomly allocated and completed six months of either weight loss (WL) (n = 18) or 3x/week aerobic exercise training (AEX) (n = 17). WL resulted in 10% weight loss and AEX increased maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (both p < 0.001). Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic 80 mU·m−2·min−1 clamp) increased in WL and AEX (both p < 0.01). In vivo insulin stimulation increased phosphorylation/total protein ratio (P/T) of protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-β3), 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6k), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), and insulin receptor (IR) expression (all p < 0.05) but not P/T extracellular regulated kinase ½ (ERK1/2), c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38), or insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). There were differences between WL and AEX in the change in basal Akt P/T (p = 0.05), GSK-3β P/T ratio (p < 0.01), p70S6k (p < 0.001), ERK1/2 (p = 0.01) P/T ratio but not p38, JNK, IRS-1, and IGF-1R P/T ratios. There was a difference between WL and AEX in the insulin stimulation changes in GSK3 which increased more after WL than AEX (p < 0.05). In the total group, changes in M were associated with changes in basal total GSK-3β and basal total p70Sk as well as insulin stimulation of total p70Sk. Protein signaling in skeletal muscle provides insight as to mechanisms for improvements in insulin sensitivity in aging and obesity.

Hemostatic response to postprandial lipemia before and after exercise training

2006 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 316-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad M. Paton ◽  
Josef Brandauer ◽  
Edward P. Weiss ◽  
Michael D. Brown ◽  
F. M. Ivey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Postprandial Lipemia ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Antigen Activity ◽  
Pai 1

Chronic hypertriglyceridemia is thought to be atherogenic and is associated with an elevated thrombotic potential, both of which may be improved with aerobic exercise training. Eight subjects were tested for aerobic capacity, body composition, and postprandial lipemia (PPL), followed by 6 mo of exercise training and final testing. Blood samples were obtained for measurement of free fatty acid (FFA), triglycerides (TG), insulin (Ins), and glucose (Glu). Hemostatic variables including factor VII activity (FVIIa), tissue factor pathway inhibitor-factor Xa complex (TFPI/Xa), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen/activity as well as leukocyte tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene expression were determined among four subjects. We found that the exercise training was of sufficient intensity to increase aerobic capacity ( P < 0.0001) and improve body composition ( P = 0.04). There were no differences between tests among PPL responses of FFA, TG, Ins, or Glu; however, the mean TG response and fat oxidation rate improved. PAI-1 antigen/activity, FVIIa, TFPI/Xa, and TNF-α gene expression were all improved after exercise training after adjusting for confounders. We conclude that aerobic exercise training reduces the potential for coagulation, improves fibrinolytic potential, and reduces leukocyte TNF-α gene expression after the ingestion of a high-fat meal.

scholarly journals Extended Ketogenic Diet and Physical Training Intervention in Military Personnel

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (9-10) ◽  
pp. e538-e547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A LaFountain ◽  
Vincent J Miller ◽  
Emily C Barnhart ◽  
Parker N Hyde ◽  
Christopher D Crabtree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ketogenic Diets

AbstractIntroductionKetogenic diets (KDs) that elevate ketones into a range referred to as nutritional ketosis represent a possible nutrition approach to address the emerging physical readiness and obesity challenge in the military. An emerging body of evidence demonstrates broad-spectrum health benefits attributed to being in nutritional ketosis, but no studies have specifically explored the use of a KD in a military population using daily ketone monitoring to personalize the diet prescription.Materials and MethodsTo evaluate the feasibility, metabolic, and performance responses of an extended duration KD, healthy adults (n = 29) from various military branches participated in a supervised 12-wk exercise training program. Fifteen participants self-selected to an ad libitum KD guided by daily measures of capillary blood ketones and 14 continued their normal mixed diet (MD). A battery of tests were performed before and after the intervention to assess changes in body mass, body composition, visceral fat, liver fat, insulin sensitivity, resting energy metabolism, and physical performance.ResultsAll KD subjects were in nutritional ketosis during the intervention as assessed by daily capillary beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) (mean βHB 1.2 mM reported 97% of all days) and showed higher rates of fat oxidation indicative of keto-adaptation. Despite no instruction regarding caloric intake, the KD group lost 7.7 kg body mass (range −3.5 to −13.6 kg), 5.1% whole-body percent fat (range −0.5 to −9.6%), 43.7% visceral fat (range 3.0 to −66.3%) (all p &lt; 0.001), and had a 48% improvement in insulin sensitivity; there were no changes in the MD group. Adaptations in aerobic capacity, maximal strength, power, and military-specific obstacle course were similar between groups (p &gt; 0.05).ConclusionsUS military personnel demonstrated high adherence to a KD and showed remarkable weight loss and improvements in body composition, including loss of visceral fat, without compromising physical performance adaptations to exercise training. Implementation of a KD represents a credible strategy to enhance overall health and readiness of military service members who could benefit from weight loss and improved body composition.

scholarly journals Increased Skeletal Muscle Capillarization After Aerobic Exercise Training and Weight Loss Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Adults With IGT

Diabetes Care ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1469-1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Prior ◽  
Jacob B. Blumenthal ◽  
Leslie I. Katzel ◽  
Andrew P. Goldberg ◽  
Alice S. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training

Distinct effects of aerobic exercise training and weight loss on glucose homeostasis in obese sedentary men

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 318-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Dengel ◽  
R. E. Pratley ◽  
J. M. Hagberg ◽  
E. M. Rogus ◽  
A. P. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Oral Glucose

The decline in glucose homeostasis with aging may be due to the physical deconditioning and obesity that often develop with aging. The independent and combined effects of aerobic exercise training (AEX) and weight loss (WL) on glucose metabolism were studied in 47 nondiabetic sedentary older men. There were 14 men in a weekly behavioral modification/WL program, 10 in a 3 times/wk AEX program, 14 in an AEX+WL program, and 9 in the control (Con) group. The 10-mo intervention increased maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in both the AEX and AEX+WL groups [0.33 +/- 0.05 and 0.37 +/- 0.09 (SE) l/min, respectively], but VO2max did not significantly change in the WL (0.01 +/- 0.06 l/min) and Con groups (-0.04 +/- 0.05 l/min; P > 0.05). The AEX+WL and WL groups had comparable reductions in body weight (-8.5 +/- 0.9 and -8.8 +/- 1.2 kg, respectively) and percent fat (-5.5 +/- 0.7 and -5.9 +/- 1.1%, respectively) that were significantly greater than those in the Con and AEX groups. Oral glucose tolerance tests showed significant reductions in insulin responses in the AEX, WL, and AEX+WL groups, but the decrease in insulin response in the AEX+WL group was significantly greater than that in the other three groups. The glucose area decreased significantly in the WL and AEX+WL groups but did not change in the Con or AEX groups. There were significant increases in insulin-mediated glucose disposal rates as measured by the hyperinsulinemic (600 pmol.m-2.min-1) euglycemic clamps in the AEX and AEX+WL groups [1.66 +/- 0.50 and 1.76 +/- 0.41 mg.kg fat-free mass (FFM)-1.min-1, respectively] that were significantly greater than those in the WL (0.13 +/- 0.31 mg.kg FFM-1.min-1) and Con groups (-0.05 +/- 0.51 mg.kg FFM-1.min-1; n = 5). These data suggest that AEX and WL improve glucose metabolism through different mechanisms and that the combined intervention of AEX+WL is necessary to improve both glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in older men.

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