scholarly journals Study on the Effect of the Three-Dimensional Electrode in Degradation of Methylene Blue by Lithium Modified Rectorite

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Huang ◽  
Yin’an Ming ◽  
Ying Du ◽  
Yingru Wang ◽  
Ci’en Wang
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Electrical Property ◽  
Adsorption Property ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Synthetic Solution ◽  
Series Of Experiments

This study presents the electrochemical degradation of methylene blue (MB) wastewater in a synthetic solution using three-dimensional particle electrodes. The novel particle electrodes were fabricated in this work using the lithium modified rectorite (Li-REC). The adsorption property of the fabricated particle electrodes was studied in a series of experiments. The optimum electrochemical operating conditions of plate distance, cell voltage, and concentration of electrolyte were 2 cm, 9 V, and 0.06 mol L−1, respectively. It was also found that microwave irradiation can effectively improve the adsorption property and electrical property of the fabricated electrodes. In addition, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the fabricated electrodes was investigated. The experimental results revealed the order of adsorption property and electrical property of the fabricated electrodes. So, fabricated electrodes are not only of low cost and mass produced, but also efficient to achieve decolorization of MB solution.

Removal of Methylene Blue Dye by Using Eggshell Powder

2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Chin Chiek Ee ◽  
Nor Aida Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Dye Wastewater ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Pseudo Second Order

Dyes contain carcinogenic materials which can cause serious hazards to aquatic life and the users of water. Textile industry is the main source of dye wastewater which results in environmental pollution. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the use of low cost adsorbent as an alternative technique for the adsorption of dye. The objective of this study is to determine the potential of eggshell powder as an adsorbent for methylene blue removal and find out the best operating conditions for the color adsorption at laboratory scale. The adsorption of cationic methylene blue from aqueous solution onto the eggshell powder was carried out by varying the operating parameters which were contact time, pH, dosage of eggshell powder and temperature in order to study their effect in adsorption capacity of eggshell powder. The results obtained showed that the best operating condition for removal of methylene blue was at pH 10 (78.98 %) and temperature 50°C (47.37 %) by using 2 g of eggshell powder (57.03 %) with 30 minutes equilibrium time (41.36 %). The kinetic studies indicated that pseudo-second-order model best described the adsorption process.

Study on Photoelectrocatalytic of Three-Dimensional Electrode Using TiO2 Coated γ-Al2O3 and Scrap Iron Particle Electrode

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 972-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Dong Su ◽  
Hong Lei Du
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Titanium Oxide ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Oxide Coatings ◽  
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation ◽  
Scrap Iron

Titanium oxide coatings(TiO2/Ti) were formed on the titanium surface by micro-arc oxidation(MAO) in Na3PO4solution.And using the TiO2/Ti as anod electrode, the titanium as counter electrode in the system of three-dimensional electrode.Coated γ- Al2O3(TiO2/γ-Al2O3) that prepared by sol-gel dipcoating method ,and scrap iron mixture as particle electrode, combining with the UV lamp and regulated power supply make up the three-dimensional electrode photoelectrocatalysis system. The photoelectrocatalysis system use 0.02M Na2SO4aqueous solution as supporting electrolyte.The photoelectrocatalytic ability of titanium oxide coatings were evaluated by photoelectrocatalytic degradation of methylene blue aqueous solution.The experiment demonstrate that compare to photoelectrocatalytic degradation of single TiO2/Ti film and only adsorbtion, the photoelectrocatalysis of three-dimensional electrode with coated particle electrode have the synergistic effect with them, which can improve the degradation of methylene blue aqueous solution. When the methylthionine chloride concentration of 5mg/L, cell voltage of 7V. The three-dimensional electrode photoelectrocatalysis degradation of methylene blue compare to traditional two-dimensional plate electrodes which without particle electrode increase 43.35% after 3 hours photoelectrocatalysis.

Solar Thermal Application for Decentralized Food Baking Using Scheffler Reflector Technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iqra Ayub ◽  
Anjum Munir ◽  
Abdul Ghafoor ◽  
Waseem Amjad ◽  
Muhammad Salman Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Airflow Distribution ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Food Processes ◽  
Maximum Retention

Baking is an energy intensive unit operation. The thermal application of solar energy is getting attention in food processes by eliminating the facts of interrupted supply and fluctuated costs of nonrenewable energy sources. This study has been carried out for the design and development of solar bakery unit which comprises of a 10 m2 Scheffler reflector focusing all the beam radiations on a secondary reflector that further concentrate the beam radiations toward the heat receiver of solar bakery unit to heat up the air circulated through baking chamber employing a photovoltaic operated fan. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD)-based three-dimensional (3D) simulation was performed to analyze the design for uniform air distribution in the baking chamber. The system designed configurations gave quite good results for airflow distribution. The receiver temperature reached between 300 and 400 °C while temperature at the inlet of baking chamber was in the range of 200–230 °C, sufficient for most of the products to be baked. The maximum available solar power at receiver was calculated to be 3.46 kW having an average efficiency of 63%. A series of experiments were conducted for the baking of cakes and total energy available in baking chamber was about 3.29 kW and cake utilized 0.201 kW energy to be baked. The average value of energy utilization ratio was found to be 45%. As a base, the study would lead to the development of an appropriate and low cost solar baking units for the maximum retention of quality parameters and energy saving.

Selective Lympholysis: A Unique Method Using the Double-Dye Technique.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 3884-3884
Author(s):  
William J. Owens ◽  
Thomas C. Cesario ◽  
Edward Shanbrom
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Treated Sample ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Lymphocytic Cell Line

Abstract Many methods are utilized to destroy mononuclear cells (primarily lymphocytes) either for neoplasm or immunosuppression. Neither radiation nor chemotherapy are truly selective or completely successful. The concept of “Double-Dye” treatment of blood for transfusion has been developed in order to inactivate parasites, bacteria and viruses (J Thromb Haemost2003; 1 Supplement 1 July: P1114). In recent studies, it has been observed that this same “Double-Dye” concept presents the possibility of very selectively eliminating lymphocytes (mononuclear cells) without affecting neutrophils in whole blood. To demonstrate the selectivity of dyes for lymphocytic/mononuclear cell types, two sets of experiments were performed. In the first, 0.3% (w/v) of the “Double Dye’ solution was added to several normal citrated whole blood samples to assess the effect on normal cells, compared to an untreated control. At 24hours post treatment, the lymphocyte count in the treated sample had dropped more than 80%, while little effect on neutrophils was noted. The control counts showed little change for either lymphocytes or neutrophils. Table 1. Lymphocyte reduction by 0.3%(w/v) Double-dye solution (units: cells/mm3). 0hr Control 0.3% Dye WBC 6850 ± 560 6920 ± 630 Neut 5030 ± 375 5100 ± 420 Lymph 1485 ± 220 1490 ± 265 24hr Control 0.3% Dye WBC 6700 ± 480 5300 ± 505 Neut 5025 ± 360 5025 ± 420 Lymph 1474 ± 240 275 ± 75 In the second series of experiments, 0.3%(w/v) “Double-Dye” solution or 0.15%(w/v) Crystal Violet or 0.15%(w/v) Methylene Blue were added to two T-cell leukemia lines (Jurkat, L1210), with a non-malignant, non-lymphocytic cell line (WISH) for the control. The combination of dyes showed the most potent activity against the lymphocytic lines, while the control was virtually unaffected. Table 2: Viability of cell lines after 24 hour exposure to dye solutions. Jurkat L1210 WISH Control 100% ± 2% 100% ± 4% 99% ± 2% 0.3% Double Dye 37% ± 5% 12% ± 4% 88% ± 9% 0.15% Meth. Blue 58% ± 12% 52% ± 9% 100% ± 3% 0.15% Cr. Violet 90% ± 12% 92% ± 10% 99% ± 4% The novel use of these dyes reported here coincided with the recent interest in utilizing methylene blue to increase transfusion safety, but recognizing that the concurrent need to photoactivate was too toxic to certain proteins and didn’t inactivate all pathogens (Transfusion2003; 43(9): 1238–47). Studies investigating the in-vivo efficacy of these novel immunosuppressive and chemotherapeutic methods are currently underway.

Thermoelastohydrodynamic behavior of misaligned plain journal bearings

2013 ◽  
Vol 227 (11) ◽  
pp. 2582-2599 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZS Zhang ◽  
XD Dai ◽  
YB Xie
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Reynolds Equation ◽  
Energy Equation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Journal Bearings ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Misalignment Angle ◽  
Synthetic Solution ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Generalized Reynolds Equation

Under severe operating conditions, the thermal effects and various deformations play an important role in determining the performance of misaligned plain journal bearings. However, the thermal effects and various deformations are rarely considered simultaneously in most studies on the misaligned plain journal bearings. In this article, a comprehensive thermoelastohydrodynamic model of the misaligned plain journal bearings is developed that involves the synthetic solution of the generalized Reynolds equation, three-dimensional energy equation, and heat conduction equations of the solids. Based on this model, series of simulation results are provided to examine the influence of the thermal effects and deformations on the behavior of the misaligned plain journal bearings. In addition, the comparisons between the thermohydrodynamic and complete thermoelastohydrodynamic model are also presented for different misalignment angle and magnitude. Results show that the thermal effects and various deformations should not be ignored because of their significant influence on the film thickness, film pressure as well as other bearings characteristics.

Study on Photoelectrocatalytic of Three-Dimensional Electrode Using TiO2 Coatings Particle Electrode

2010 ◽  
Vol 156-157 ◽  
pp. 344-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Dong Su ◽  
Hong Lei Du
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Titanium Oxide ◽  
Electrolyte Concentration ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Oxide Coatings ◽  
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation

Titanium oxide coatings(TiO2/Ti) were formed on the titanium surface by micro-arc oxidation(MAO) in Na3PO4 solution.Using the TiO2/Ti as anod electrode, the titanium as counter electrode.Coated activated carbon(TiO2/AC) that prepared by sol-gel dipcoating method ,and activated carbon mixture as particle electrode,combining with the UV lamp and regulated power supply make up the three-dimensional electrode photoelectrocatalysis system. The photoelectrocatalysis system use Na2SO4 aqueous solution as supporting electrolyte.The photoelectrocatalytic ability of titanium oxide coatings were evaluated by photoelectrocatalytic degradation of methylthionine chloride aqueous solution.The experiment demonstrate that there was photoelectrocatalytic degradation of single TiO2/Ti film or only adsorbtion, the photoelectrocatalysis of three-dimensional electrode with particle electrode have the synergistic effect,which can improve the degradation of methylene blue aqueous solution.The influence of some factors was studied,including initial solution,cell voltage, electrolyte concentration and some other factors.When the methylthionine chloride concentration of 5mg/L, cell voltage of 8V, electrolyte concentration of 0.04M. The three-dimensional electrode photoelectrocatalysis degradation of methylene blue compare to traditional two-dimensional plate electrodes which without particle electrode increase 40.36% after 3 hours photoelectrocatalysis.

scholarly journals Fully Polymeric Domes as High-Stroke Biasing System for Soft Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Neu ◽  
Jonas Hubertus ◽  
Sipontina Croce ◽  
Günter Schultes ◽  
Stefan Seelecke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compliant Mechanism ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Dielectric Elastomer Actuators ◽  
Compliance Requirements ◽  
Actuator Design ◽  
Force Displacement ◽  
Robotic Applications

The availability of compliant actuators is essential for the development of soft robotic systems. Dielectric elastomers (DEs) represent a class of smart actuators which has gained a significant popularity in soft robotics, due to their unique mix of large deformation (>100%), lightweight, fast response, and low cost. A DE consists of a thin elastomer membrane coated with flexible electrodes on both sides. When a high voltage is applied to the electrodes, the membrane undergoes a controllable mechanical deformation. In order to produce a significant actuation stroke, a DE membrane must be coupled with a mechanical biasing system. Commonly used spring-like bias elements, however, are generally made of rigid materials such as steel, and thus they do not meet the compliance requirements of soft robotic applications. To overcome this issue, in this paper we propose a novel type of compliant mechanism as biasing elements for DE actuators, namely a three-dimensional polymeric dome. When properly designed, such types of mechanisms exhibit a region of negative stiffness in their force-displacement behavior. This feature, in combination with the intrinsic softness of the polymeric material, ensures large actuation strokes as well as compliance compatibility with soft robots. After presenting the novel biasing concept, the overall soft actuator design, manufacturing, and assembly are discussed. Finally, experimental characterization is conducted, and the suitability for soft robotic applications is assessed.

scholarly journals Development of a New Low-Cost Tandem Variable Geometry Turbocharging Concept for Turbocharger Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo R. Erdmenger ◽  
Katya Menter ◽  
Rogier Giepman ◽  
Cathal Clancy ◽  
Aneesh Vadvadgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Variable Geometry ◽  
Axial Turbine ◽  
Handling System ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques

The air handling system for large diesel/gas engines such as those used on locomotive, marine, and power generation applications require turbochargers with a high reliability and with turbomachinery capable to adjust to different operating conditions and transient requirements. The usage of variable geometry turbocharging (VGT) provides flexibility to the air handling system but adds complexity, cost and reduces the reliability of the turbocharger in exchange for improved engine performance and transient response. For this reason, it was desirable to explore designs that could provide the variability required by the air handling system, without the efficiency penalty of a conventional waste gate and with as little added complexity as possible. The current work describes a new low-cost variable geometry turbine design to address these requirements. The new tandem nozzle concept proposed is applicable to both axial and radial turbines and has been designed using conventional one-dimensional models and two- three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. The concept has furthermore been validated experimentally on two different test rigs. In order to avoid the long lead times of procuring castings, the nozzle for the axial turbine was manufactured using new additive manufacturing techniques. Both the axial turbine and the radial turbine designs showed that the concept is capable to achieve a mass flow variability of more than 15% and provide a robust and cost-effective alternative to conventional VGT designs by significantly reducing the number of moveable parts.

scholarly journals Porous Wood Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles as Flow-through Membrane Reactor for Catalytic Hydrogenation of Methylene Blue and 4-Nitrophenol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Yu ◽  
Qingtong Zhang ◽  
Mingchao Chi ◽  
Hongrui Jiang ◽  
Xi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenation ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Flow Process ◽  
Au Nps

Abstract In this study, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were decorated into Paulownia Sieb. et Zucc. chip. Lignin, as one main component of wood, contains the reducing groups e.g. hydroxyl, carbonyl and aldehyde groups. Under sunlight irradiation, Au (III) diffused into wood was in situ reduced by lignin to form gold nanoparticles. Therefore, the Au NPs/Wood was successfully fabricated by this facile and green procedure. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional interpenetrating network of wood prevented the aggregation of Au NPs which retained its catalytic activity. Methylene blue and 4-nitrophenol were adopted as model organic contaminants to evaluate the catalytic hydrogenation ability of the Au NPs/Wood. The analyses of XRD, SEM, ICP-MS and XPS indicated that Au NPs were successfully immobilized in wood chip. The degradation results revealed that the Au NPs/Wood has excellent catalytic activity for methylene blue and 4-nitrophenol hydrogenation under batchwise and continuous flow process. Meanwhile, the Au NPs/Wood also exhibited excellent recyclability. The hydrogenation efficiency of MB and 4-NP still reaches more than 90% after 8 cycles. This study provides a new solution for green and low-cost fabrication of Au NPs/Wood which has broad application prospects in wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals Optimization of Operating Conditions for Electrochemical Decolorization of Methylene Blue with Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 Composite Electrode

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Md. Ashraful Islam Molla ◽  
Genta Yanagi ◽  
Mai Furukawa ◽  
Ikki Tateishi ◽  
Hideyuki Katsumata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Composite Electrode ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pbo2 Electrode

α-PbO2 was introduced into the intermediate layer of an electrode to prevent the separation of the electrodeposited layer and maintain oxidizing power. The resulting Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 composite electrode was applied to the electrochemical decolorization of methylene blue (MB) and the operating conditions for MB decolorization with the Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 electrode were optimized. The morphology, structure, composition, and electrochemical performance of Ti/α-PbO2 and Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 anode were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The optimum operating parameters for the electrochemical decolorization of MB at Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 composites were as follows: Na2SO4 electrolyte 0.05 g L−1, initial concentration of MB 9 mg L−1, cell voltage 20 V, current density 0.05–0.10 A cm−2, and pH 6.0. MB dye could be completely decolorized with Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 for the treatment time of less than one hour, and the dye decolorization efficiency with Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 was about 5 times better, compared with those obtained with Ti/α-PbO2.

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