scholarly journals Xenic Cultivation and Genotyping of Pathogenic Free-Living Amoeba from Public Water Supply Sources in Uganda

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celsus Sente ◽  
Joseph Erume ◽  
Irene Naigaga ◽  
Benigna Gabriela Namara ◽  
Julius Mulindwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Water Contaminants ◽  
Free Living Amoeba

Studies on waterborne parasites from natural environment and domestic water sources in Uganda are very scarce and unpublished. Water dwelling free-living amoebae (FLA) of the genus Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, and Naegleria are often responsible for causing morbidities and mortalities in individuals with recent contact with contaminated water, but their presence in Uganda’s public water supply sources is not known. We cultivated and genotyped FLA from natural and domestic water from Queen Elizabeth Protected Area (QEPA) and Kampala (KLA). The cultivated parasites were observed microscopically and recorded. The overall prevalence of FLA in QEPA (Acanthamoeba spp., 35%; Hartmannella spp., 18.9%; Naegleria spp., 13.5%) and KLA (Acanthamoeba spp., 28.3%; Naegleria spp., 16.6%; Hartmannella spp., 23.1%) were not significantly different. The highest prevalence across water sources in QEPA and KLA was observed for Acanthamoeba spp., followed by Hartmannella spp., and Naegleria spp. Overall FLA mean (±SE) and mean (±SE) across water sources were highest for Acanthamoeba spp. compared to other FLA but were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Analysis of the FLA sequences produced 1 Cercomonas, 1 Nuclearia, 1 Bodomorpha, 2 Hartmannella, 5 Echinamoeba, and 7 Acanthamoeba partial sequences, indicating a muliplicity of water contaminants that need to be controlled by proper water treatment.

Recovery of Surgical Equipment Sterile Processing During a Floodwater Boil Advisory

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
Stephen Shelton ◽  
Jay Hamm ◽  
Bankole Olatosi ◽  
R. Ory Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Surgical Equipment ◽  
Processing Equipment ◽  
Sterile Processing

AbstractExcessive rainfall and dam failures resulted in floodwater contaminating our public water supply. The endotoxin risk in the contaminated water created challenges in recovery of sterile processing for our surgical equipment. Recovery plans should include a potable water source and a method to connect it to the required location. We share our solution of plumbing our sterile processing equipment to tanker-transported potable water sources. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12: 415–418)

Incidence of free living amoeba in different water sources in el-minia governorate (middle egypt)

1998 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Khalifa M.A. Refaat ◽  
Gabr S. Nabil ◽  
Abedel-lateef Z.M. Manal
Keyword(s):  
Water Sources ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Free Living Amoeba ◽  
Different Water Sources

scholarly journals Isolation and molecular characterization of Acanthamoeba genotypes in recreational and domestic water sources from Jamaica, West Indies

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 909-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheridah D. Todd ◽  
María Reyes-Batlle ◽  
José E. Piñero ◽  
Enrique Martínez-Carretero ◽  
Basilio Valladares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Sources ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
First Report ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Neurological Infections

Free living amoebae (FLA) are amphizoic protozoa that are ubiquitous in nature. Infection with FLA may result in neurological, ocular and skin infections. Exposure to Acanthamoeba occurs frequently through water contact and knowledge of the presence of the organisms in water sources is important in understanding transmission dynamics. The distribution of Acanthamoeba was studied in recreational and domestic water samples collected from across Jamaica. Morphological assessment and polymerase chain reaction revealed Acanthamoeba spp. isolates in 50.6% (42/83) and 17.3% (14/81) of recreational and domestic water, respectively. Sequencing of the DF3 region of the 18S rDNA resulted in the identification of genotypes T3, T4, T5, T10 and T11 corresponding to Acanthamoeba spp: A. griffini, A. triangularis, A. lenticulata, A. culbertsoni and A. hatchetti. Moreover, T4 was the most frequently isolated genotype in both recreational and domestic water. Thermotolerance and osmotolerance assays indicated that most isolates were potentially pathogenic. This is the first report of T3 and T10 genotypes in the Caribbean and the first report of these Acanthamoeba spp. in Jamaican waters. The study shows that there is potential risk of infection to contact wearers who practise poor lens care. Further, Acanthamoeba should be considered as a cause of neurological infections in Jamaica.

scholarly journals Environmental Aspects of the Accelerated Urbanization in Sana’a, Yemen

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Alderwish ◽  
Fayad A. Alderwish
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Planning Stage

From an environmental viewpoint, the prevailing health problems must be a “first priority” in all major development projects. Public water supply provides only 36% of domestic water. Disinfection of public water supply from the south well field is essential to avoid health problems. About 60% of the drinking water sold by ‘hygienic’ stations is of questionable quality. Expansion and upgrading in hospitals, pharmacies and industries (waste producers) will have an immediate impact on the amount of hazardous waste that will have to be disposed of. To achieve a sustainable urban development and to avoid environment/resources degradation, care should be taken now to monitor and improve handling and management of hazardous waste. Initiating management programs for reducing or preventing the generation of waste during production processes or other operations would be the first step to an economically and environmentally sound way of dealing with hazardous wastes. As complete elimination cannot be realized, ways to recycle the wastes should be sought. Major air pollutants in Sana’a include dust and SPM, carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidants, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, sulfur oxides and hydrocarbons. The main sources of pollution in the cities are the mobile sources. The emissions of gases from oil consumption are exceeding the permissible level and it is essential that the gases be monitored, at least in the congested areas of the cities. Integration of environmental concerns with economic growth in Yemen should occur at the planning stage, adopting a positive approach and focusing on improvement in the health and welfare of the residents of the program area. Mitigating measures relating to the protection of the urban environment and improving public health must be primary objectives of EIA investigation for any upgrading project within urban areas and any other projects impacting on an urban environment.  

scholarly journals Water footprint in Hungary

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Neubauer
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
National Level ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Water Abstraction

More and more news report on water-related extreme environmental phenomena. Some of these are natural, which are often beyond the human race. But others are definitely due to anthropogenic effects. I think the water footprint index is able to highlight national and international water-use processes and gives us the opportunity of organizing a sustainable, consumer-, environmental- and governancefriendly management. 81% of the fresh water withdrawal is from surface water bodies in the EU. In Europe as a whole, 44% of abstraction is used for energy production, 24% for agriculture, 21% for public water supply and 11% for industry. Public water supply is confined to ground waters. To the water resources related human activity caused qualitative and quantitative amortisation will grow worse in the foreseeable future due to the climate change. Beside seasonal differences the sectoral differences are increasingly becoming critical between different areas, such as Southern and Western Europe. The former, wrong agricultural support system has worsened the situation since it gave financial aid for the used improper techniques of water-intensive crop cultivation. By today, this seems to be solved. Public water abstraction is affected by manyfactors, of which mostly are based on social situation and habits, but technological leakage receives a big role as well. Interesting, that for example the residents’water consumption in Eastern Europe decreased because price were raised and regular measurements were introduced. But in Southern Europe it increased due to tourism in the past period. Industrial water withdrawal decreased across Europe because of the decline of industry and the development of technologies. According to the European Environment Agency (EEA), the Union needs a sustainable, demand-driven leadership which focuses on the preservation and use efficiency. This have already appeared in politics and legal administration as well. Current research calls the attention to the significance and difficulties of this kind of domestic estimation presented trough the water footprint calculation of bread and pork in Hungary. The received data indicate the domestic water consumption trends in a modern approach. There is no doubt for me about the urgent necessity of water footprint calculation because as a result innovative, sustainability supported environmental, social, economical, and political relationships can be created – not just on local, regional or national level, but on interregional, European and even global stage.

scholarly journals Fluoride concentration in water at the area supplied by the Water Treatment Station of Bauru, SP

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Simonetti Lodi ◽  
Irene Ramires ◽  
Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf ◽  
José Roberto de Magalhães Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
The Public ◽  
Water Treatment Station ◽  
Sensitive Electrode

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the fluoride concentration in the public water supply at the area supplied by the Water Treatment Station of Bauru and classify the samples as acceptable or unacceptable according to the fluoride concentration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: samples were collected from 30 areas at two periods, October 2002 and March 2003. The fluoride concentration in the samples was determined in duplicate, using an ion sensitive electrode (Orion 9609) connected to a potentiometer (Procyon, model 720). Samples with fluoride concentration ranging from 0.55 to 0.84 mg F/L were considered acceptable, and those whose concentration was outside this range as unacceptable. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. RESULTS: the fluoride concentration of the water samples varied between 0.31 and 2.01 mg F/L. Nearly 56% of the samples were classified as acceptable. CONCLUSION: the variations in fluoride concentration at the area supplied by the Water Treatment Station reinforce the need of constant monitoring for maintenance of adequate fluoride levels in the public water supply.

Use of the HDS System (Hydric Depuration with Soils) Associated to Other Constructed Wetlands Techniques for Public Water Supply

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-210
Author(s):  
E. Salati ◽  
E. Salati ◽  
E. Salati ◽  
S. M. Tauk-Tornisielo ◽  
D. F. Brega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Water Treatment Station ◽  
The Town

Two projects of water treatment for public water supply were developed and operated by using combined systems of constructed wetlands. One of the projects was carried out in the town of Analândia, São Paulo, Brazil and wetlands with floating aquatic plants associated to the HDS system were used. Nearly 6,480 inhabitants were supplied. The other conducted project was an experimental station in partnership with SABESP (São Paulo State Sanitation Agency / Brazil), for the pretreatment of 1,700 l.s−1 of waters from the Cotia River, which is used for the population's supply after conventional treatment at the Lower Cotia Water Treatment Station. For this pilot project, wetlands with emergents and floating plants associated to the HDS system were used. The proposed objectives were achieved in both projects.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium avium Bacilli Grow Saprozoically in Coculture with Acanthamoeba polyphaga and Survive within Cyst Walls

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 2256-2261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Steinert ◽  
Kristin Birkness ◽  
Elizabeth White ◽  
Barry Fields ◽  
Frederick Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Acanthamoeba Polyphaga ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Polycarbonate Membrane ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Free Living Amoeba

ABSTRACT Protozoans are gaining recognition as environmental hosts for a variety of waterborne pathogens. We compared the growth ofMycobacterium avium, a human pathogen associated with domestic water supplies, in coculture with the free-living amoebaAcanthamoeba polyphaga with the growth of M. avium when it was separated from amoebae by a 0.1-μm-pore-size polycarbonate membrane (in a parachamber). Although viable mycobacteria were observed within amoebal vacuoles, there was no significant difference between bacterial growth in coculture and bacterial growth in the parachamber. This suggests that M. avium is able to grow saprozoically on products secreted by the amoebae. In contrast,Legionella pneumophila, a well-studied intracellular parasite of amoebae, multiplied only in coculture. A comparison of amoebae infected with L. pneumophila and amoebae infected with M. avium by electron microscopy demonstrated that there were striking differences in the locations of the bacteria within amoebal cysts. While L. pneumophila resided within the cysts, M. avium was found within the outer walls of the double-walled cysts of A. polyphaga. These locations may provide a reservoir for the bacteria when environmental conditions become unfavorable.

On the introduction of new sanitary and epidemiological requirements for drinking water supply

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Ю.А. Егорова ◽  
П.Г. Быкова ◽  
Л.А. Таловыря ◽  
Т.А. Стрелкова ◽  
О.И. Нестеренко
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
Treatment Facilities

Основным источником водоснабжения городского округа Самара является Саратовское водохранилище. Городские водопроводные очистные сооружения построены по типовым проектам и рассчитаны на осветление и обеззараживание умеренно загрязненной воды. В последние годы в воде водоисточника наблюдается резкое снижение концентрации взвешенных веществ и увеличение содержания органических загрязнений (в основном природного происхождения). При низкой температуре воды, высоких показателях цветности и перманганатной окисляемости возникает необходимость в постоянном контроле оптимальных доз реагентов с целью предотвращения образования в очищенной воде остаточного алюминия и перманганатной окисляемости, превышающих значения ПДК в соответствии с СанПиН 2.1.4.1074-01. Постановлением Главного санитарного врача РФ № 3 от 28 января 2021 г. утверждены и с 1 марта 2021 г. действуют в Российской Федерации новые санитарные правила и нормы: СанПиН 2.1.3684-21 и СанПиН 1.2.3685-21, требующие более жесткого подхода к качеству очищенной воды. Срок действия данных СанПиН – до 1 марта 2027 г., однако в них отсутствует переходный период для предприятий, эксплуатирующих системы водоснабжения и водоотведения, при организации и проведении санитарно-противоэпидемиологических (профилактических) мероприятий по приведению воды питьевого и хозяйственно-бытового водоснабжения в соответствие с требованиями СанПиН 2.1.3684-21 и СанПиН 1.2.3685-21. Водопроводные очистные сооружения г. Самары в переходный период нуждаются в модернизации, а некоторые – в реконструкции. Для проведения исследований, указанных в нормативных документах, необходимо обновить оборудование производственных лабораторий и расширить область их аккредитации. Оснащение аккредитованных лабораторий современными средствами всестороннего контроля качества питьевой воды позволит повысить эффективность и надежность результатов анализа. The main source of water supply for the urban district of Samara is the Saratov reservoir. The municipal water treatment facilities were built according to the standard design and intended for clarification and disinfection of moderately polluted water. In recent years, a sharp decrease in the concentration of suspended solids and an increase in the concentration of organic pollutants (mainly of natural origin) have been observed in the water of the source. At low water temperature, high color indices and permanganate index, the need arises for continuous monitoring the optimal doses of chemicals in order to prevent the formation of residual aluminum in the purified water and permanganate index exceeding the MPC values ​​in accordance with SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01. By Decree of the RF Chief Sanitary Officer No. 3 of January 28, 2021, new sanitary rules and regulations have been approved and effective in the Russian Federation since March 1, 2021: SanPiN 2.1.3684-21 and SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 that require a more stringent approach to the quality of the purified water. The validity period of the current SanPiNs is until March 1, 2027; however, they do not provide for a transitional period for the operators of water supply and wastewater disposal systems that have to arrange and conduct epidemiological (preventive) measures to ensure drinking and domestic water supply meeting the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.3684-21 and SanPiN 1.2.3685-21. The water treatment facilities in Samara in the transition period need upgrade, and some of them need reconstruction. To carry out the research specified in the regulatory documents, updating the equipment of production laboratories and expanding the scope of their accreditation are needed. Equipping accredited laboratories with advanced means of comprehensive monitoring of drinking water quality will improve the efficiency and reliability of the analysis results.

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