scholarly journals The Influence of Salt Solution on Morphological Changes in a Geosynthetic Clay Liner

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mochamad Arief Budihardjo
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solution ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Geosynthetic Clay Liner ◽  
Clay Liner ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Crystal Deposit

Morphological variations of geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) samples, hydrated with two different permeates, distilled water and NaCl solution (100 mM concentration), were observed in detail using microscopic analysis. After the GCL samples were hydrated with the NaCl solution, they were observed with an optical microscope. While the surface of the treated GCL samples was similar to the surface of the untreated GCL, a crystal deposit was found on the surface of the treated samples. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a more solid appearance was observed for the bentonite particles contained in the GCL after the sample was hydrated with distilled water in comparison to the GCL sample that was hydrated with the NaCl solution. It appears that salt solution hydration results in less swelling of the bentonite particles. Furthermore, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) results showed that distilled water hydration had no effect on the distribution of the elements contained in the GCL samples. However, bound chlorine was observed, which demonstrated that the bentonite particles had absorbed the NaCl solution. In addition, changes in the hydraulic conductivity of the hydrated GCL samples were also observed.

Specificity of sodium chloride aversion of hypertensive rats

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (6) ◽  
pp. 1326-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin J. Fregly
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
Preference Threshold

Rats made hypertensive by encapsulation of both kidneys with latex envelopes manifest a relative NaCl aversion if given choice between water and .15 m NaCl solution to drink. The specificity of this aversion was tested by offering hypertensive rats choice between salt solutions, other than NaCl, and water. It was observed that hypertensive rats manifested aversions for KCl, Na2SO4, LiCl and Na saccharin which were similar in character to the NaCl aversion. As soon as hypertensive rats were able to differentiate between any of these salt solutions and distilled water offered simultaneously, they rejected the salt solutions in favor of water. These animals never ingested more of any salt solution used than water. With the exception of the Na saccharin solutions, normal rats ingested more salt solution than water and rejected salt solution only at concentrations 3–10 times above preference threshold levels. Hence, it would appear that the NaCl aversion manifested by hypertensive rats is not specific, but part of a general salt aversion.

scholarly journals Effect of storage of shelled Moringa oleifera seeds from reaping time on turbidity removal

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Golestanbagh ◽  
I. S. Ahamad ◽  
A. Idris ◽  
R. Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Indigenous Plant ◽  
And Storage

Moringa oleifera is an indigenous plant to Malaysia whose seeds are used for water purification. Many studies on Moringa oleifera have shown that it is highly effective as a natural coagulant for turbidity removal. In this study, two different methods for extraction of Moringa's active ingredient were investigated. Results of sodium chloride (NaCl) and distilled water extraction of Moringa oleifera seeds showed that salt solution extraction was more efficient than distilled water in extracting Moringa's active coagulant ingredient. The optimum dosage of shelled Moringa oleifera seeds extracted by the NaCl solution was comparable with that of the conventional chemical coagulant alum. Moreover, the turbidity removal efficiency was investigated for shelled Moringa oleifera seeds before drying in the oven under different storage conditions (i.e. open and closed containers at room temperature, 27 °C) and durations (fresh, and storage for 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks from the time the seeds were picked from the trees). Our results indicate that there are no significant differences in coagulation efficiencies and, accordingly, turbidity removals between the examined storage conditions and periods.

Prediction for swelling deformation of fractal-textured bentonite and its sand mixtures in salt solution

Clay Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
Guo-sheng Xiang ◽  
Feng Yu ◽  
Yong-fu Xu ◽  
Yuan Fang ◽  
Sheng-hua Xie
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Effective Stress ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Void Ratio ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Deformation Tests ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractSwelling deformation tests of Kunigel bentonite and its sand mixtures were performed in distilled water and NaCl solution. The salinity of NaCl solution has a significant impact on the swelling properties of bentonite, but not on its surface structure. The surface structure was characterized using the fractal dimension Ds. Based on the fractal dimension, a unique curve of the em–pe relationship (em is the void ratio of montmorillonite and pe is the effective stress) at full saturation was introduced to express the swelling deformation of bentonite–sand mixtures. In mixtures with a large bentonite content, the swelling deformation always followed the em–pe relationship. In mixtures with a small bentonite content, when the effective stress reached a threshold, the void ratio of montmorillonite em deviated from the unique em–pe curve due to the appearance of a sand skeleton. The threshold of vertical pressure for mixtures in different solutions and the maximum swelling strains were estimated using the em–pe relationship. The good agreement between estimates and experimental data suggest that the em–pe relationship might be an alternative method for predicting the swelling deformation of bentonite–sand mixtures in salt solution.

Corrosion of polycrystalline ZnSe by alternating high voltage in a saline solution

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-669
Author(s):  
Joseph King
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposited

Prolonged exposure of chemical vapor deposited, polycrystalline ZnSe to high ac voltages in the presence of a 1 molal NaCl solution induces severe mechanical damage. The damage takes the form of defects which originate at the surface and grow intergranularly into the bulk with a bush-like morphology. Neither exposure to the salt solution in the absence of the high voltage nor low voltage dc electrolytic exposure produces the defects. The damage may be associated with an intergranular hydride phase or grain boundary impurity segregations present or formed during the environmental exposure.

Classification and quantification of downslope erosion from a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) when covered only by a black geomembrane

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W.I. Brachman ◽  
A. Rentz ◽  
R.K. Rowe ◽  
W.A. Take
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Composite Liner ◽  
Geosynthetic Clay Liner ◽  
Clay Liner ◽  
Transmission Technique ◽  
Field Investigations

Field observations of downslope bentonite erosion from a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) covered by only a black geomembrane are reported for a composite liner left exposed without a protective soil cover for much longer than recommended by the GCL manufacturer. A new nondestructive, light-transmission technique developed to investigate bentonite erosion features in the field is presented. A classification system is developed to describe the type of erosion features observed. Results from five field investigations at the Queen’s University Environmental Liner Test Site (QUELTS II) are reported to quantify the onset, progression, and severity of downslope erosion for one particular geotextile-encased, needle-punched GCL for exposure periods of between 7 weeks and 1.3 years. The first significant erosion feature (type “E”with bentonite loss narrower than 2.5 cm) was observed after 6 months of exposure. Irrecoverable erosion features (type “EE” with bentonite loss wider than 2.5 cm) were observed after 12 months of exposure. These findings highlight the need to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for timely covering of a composite liner with soil following liner installation.

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