scholarly journals In Vivo Radionuclide Generators for Diagnostics and Therapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia E. Edem ◽  
Jesper Fonslet ◽  
Andreas Kjær ◽  
Matthias Herth ◽  
Gregory Severin
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Alpha Decay ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Diagnostics And Therapy ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In vivo radionuclide generators make complex combinations of physical and chemical properties available for medical diagnostics and therapy. Perhaps the best-known in vivo generator is 212Pb/212Bi, which takes advantage of the extended half-life of 212Pb to execute a targeted delivery of the therapeutic short-lived α-emitter 212Bi. Often, as in the case of 81Rb/81Kr, chemical changes resulting from the transmutation of the parent are relied upon for diagnostic value. In other instances such as with extended alpha decay chains, chemical changes may lead to unwanted consequences. This article reviews some common and not-so-common in vivo generators with the purpose of understanding their value in medicine and medical research. This is currently relevant in light of a recent push for alpha emitters in targeted therapies, which often come with extended decay chains.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Principles, and Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles for In Vivo Imaging Applications—A Review

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wallyn ◽  
Anton ◽  
Vandamme
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Local Drug Delivery ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Immense Potential ◽  
Drug Nanocarriers

The current nanotechnology era is marked by the emergence of various magnetic inorganic nanometer-sized colloidal particles. These have been extensively applied and hold an immense potential in biomedical applications including, for example, cancer therapy, drug nanocarriers (NCs), or in targeted delivery systems and diagnosis involving two guided-nanoparticles (NPs) as nanoprobes and contrast agents. Considerable efforts have been devoted to designing iron oxide NPs (IONPs) due to their superparamagnetic (SPM) behavior (SPM IONPs or SPIONs) and their large surface-to-volume area allowing more biocompatibility, stealth, and easy bonding to natural biomolecules thanks to grafted ligands, selective-site moieties, and/or organic and inorganic corona shells. Such nanomagnets with adjustable architecture have been the topic of significant progresses since modular designs enable SPIONs to carry out several functions simultaneously such as local drug delivery with real-time monitoring and imaging of the targeted area. Syntheses of SPIONs and adjustments of their physical and chemical properties have been achieved and paved novel routes for a safe use of those tailored magnetic ferrous nanomaterials. Herein we will emphasis a basic notion about NPs magnetism in order to have a better understanding of SPION assets for biomedical applications, then we mainly focus on magnetite iron oxide owing to its outstanding magnetic properties. The general methods of preparation and typical characteristics of magnetite are reviewed, as well as the major biomedical applications of magnetite.

Address of the President Lord Todd, O. M. at the Anniversary Meeting, 1 December 1980

1980 ◽  
Vol 211 (1182) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Usnic Acid ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
One Step ◽  
Oxidative Processes ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Biosynthetic Studies ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The Copley Medal is awarded to Sir Derek Barton, F. R. S. Among Sir Derek Barton's many distinguished contributions to organic chemistry, outstanding is his conception and development of conformational analysis, which represents the most important advance in this century in the understanding of the stereochemistry of organic compounds, and for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1969. Originally devised for cyclohexane derivatives, the concept was rapidly extended to other ring systems, and is of major importance in interpretation of the physical and chemical properties of a wide range of natural products. Sir Derek has also contributed greatly to the understanding of biosynthesis, and in many cases demonstrated the validity of his hypotheses by labelling experiments in vivo . In particular, his ideas on the nature of phenolic coupling, involving one-electron oxidative processes, formed the basis of a very large number of successful biosynthetic studies, especially in the alkaloid field. He has also applied his ideas to the simulation of natural biosynthetic sequences, the one-step synthesis of the complex usnic acid from a simple monocyclic precursor providing one of the most striking examples.

scholarly journals A study of the physical and chemical properties of the insect cuticle

1940 ◽  
Vol 129 (854) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Insect Cuticle ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Larval Cuticle ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The morphological, physical and chemical changes in th e cuticle during the formation of the puparium in cyclorrhaphous flies are described. The larval cuticle contains about 60% chitin, the puparium about 47%. Almost all the non-chitinous substance is protein. An explanation is given of the hardening of the puparium.

Efficacy, safety, and physicochemical properties of a flowable hemostatic agent made from absorbable gelatin sponge via vacuum pressure steam sterilization

2020 ◽  
pp. 088532822095089
Author(s):  
Yuanxing Zhou ◽  
Xiaochi Ma ◽  
Zhonghai Li ◽  
Bo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Erythrocyte Aggregation ◽  
Hemostatic Agent ◽  
Gelatin Sponge ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

An effective and viable hemostatic agent is important for stopping bleeding during surgery. However, it is difficult to achieve hemostasis at uneven or deep bleeding sites using a gelatin sponge. A flowable hemostatic agent has therefore been developed by processing and improving gelatin sponge, to address bleeding under these conditions. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy, safety, and physical and chemical properties of this flowable hemostatic agent in various experiments. We examined its efficacy for stopping bleeding in a rabbit model of liver abrasion in vivo, and compared its efficacy in dynamic coagulation and erythrocyte aggregation tests with gelatin sponge in vitro. We also investigated its safety in rat histocompatibility and acute systemic toxicity tests in mice in vivo, and in hemolysis tests in vitro, to determine if the flowable hemostatic agent induced any pathological reactions or adverse events. In terms of its physical and chemical properties, we analyzed the morphology and chemical bonds of the flowable hemostatic agent by optical and electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy, and its absorbency and density. The flowable hemostatic agent resulted in a shorter mean bleeding time, less bleeding, greater likelihood of successful hemostasis, and reduced clotting time compared with gelatin sponge. The flowable agent produced some changes in physical morphology, but no pathological changes or undesirable outcomes were detected. This flowable topical hemostatic agent thus provides a safe and more effective hemostatic method than gelatin sponge, and more promising results for intraoperative hemostasis, especially on uneven or deep bleeding surfaces.

scholarly journals Zirconia Based Dental Biomaterials: Structure, Mechanical Properties, Biocompatibility, Surface Modification, and Applications as Implant

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Lin ◽  
Cuilan Yin ◽  
Anchun Mo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Zirconia Ceramics ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Orthopedic Applications ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Zirconia, with its excellent mechanical properties, chemical stability, biocompatibility, and negligible thermal conductivity, is ideal for dental and orthopedic applications. In addition, the biocompatibility of zirconia has been studied in vivo, and no adverse reactions were observed when zirconia samples were inserted into bone. However, their use is controversial among dentists and researchers, especially when compared with mature implants made of titanium alloy. The advantages and limitations of zirconia as biomaterials, such as implant materials, need to be carefully studied, and the design, manufacture, and clinical operation guidelines are urgently required. In this review, the special components, microstructure, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and the application of zirconia ceramics in biomaterials are detailly introduced. The review highlights discussions on how to implement innovative strategies to design the physical and chemical properties of zirconia so that the treated zirconia can provide better osteointegration after implantation.

scholarly journals Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Cancer Treatments

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Karlsson ◽  
Hannah J. Vaughan ◽  
Jordan J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Biodegradable Polymers ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
External Source ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Anticancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Support Tumor Growth ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Polymeric nanoparticles have tremendous potential to improve the efficacy of therapeutic cancer treatments by facilitating targeted delivery to a desired site. The physical and chemical properties of polymers can be tuned to accomplish delivery across the multiple biological barriers required to reach diverse subsets of cells. The use of biodegradable polymers as nanocarriers is especially attractive, as these materials can be designed to break down in physiological conditions and engineered to exhibit triggered functionality when at a particular location or activated by an external source. We present how biodegradable polymers can be engineered as drug delivery systems to target the tumor microenvironment in multiple ways. These nanomedicines can target cancer cells directly, the blood vessels that supply the nutrients and oxygen that support tumor growth, and immune cells to promote anticancer immunotherapy.

Toxicology Perspective of Nanopharmaceuticals: A Critical Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1287-1295
Author(s):  
S C Patel ◽  
Patel R.C ◽  
Saiyed M.A.
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Environmental Health And Safety ◽  
Toxic Response ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Chemical Properties

For the last 10 years pharmaceutical research and industry has elucidated several innovations and practices in pharmaceutical nanotechnology. Due to the increasing use of nanoparticles, the risk of human exposure rapidly increases and reliable toxicity test systems are urgently needed. Nanotoxicology refers to the study of the interactions of nanostructures with biological systems with an emphasis on the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of nanostructures with induction of toxic biological responses. It involves their unique biodistribution, clearance, accumulation, immune response and metabolism. An understanding of the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of the nanostructure and their in-vivo behavior would provide a basis for assessing toxic response and more importantly could lead to better predictive models for assessing toxicity. The current regulations for nanoparticles containing products are still in a nascent stage. The advantages of nanoparticles led to failures in noticing the toxic outcomes in living organisms. Major changes are required by considering several factors including environmental, health and safety issues. The rapid commercialization of nanotechnology requires thoughtful open discussion of broader societal impacts and urgent toxicological oversight action.

Low molecular weight complexed poly(3-hydroxybutyrate): a dynamic and versatile molecule in vivo

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (13) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosetta N. Reusch
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Cells ◽  
Ion Conducting ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Electron Donating Groups ◽  
And Chemical Properties

It is increasingly clear that poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is not just an inert storage polymer, confined to certain bacteria, but a ubiquitous, interactive, solvating biopolymer involved in important physiological functions. Low molecular weight PHB, complexed to other macromolecules (c-PHB), is widely distributed in biological cells, being found in representative organisms of nearly all phyla. Complexation modifies the physical and chemical properties of c-PHB, allowing it to pervade aqueous as well as hydrophobic regions of the cell, and as a result c-PHB can be found in cytoplasm and intracellular fluids as well as in membranes and lipoproteins. The lipidic homopolymer associates with other macromolecules primarily via its ester carbonyl oxygens, which can act as hydrogen-bond acceptors or as ligands for coordinate bonds to cations. The spacing of the electron-donating groups along the flexible backbone allows for multiple bonding interactions, and forms the basis for the ability of c-PHB to bind to proteins, or to form ion-conducting complexes with salts. The singular ability of c-PHB to dissolve salts and facilitate their transfer across hydrophobic barriers defines a potential physiological niche for c-PHB in cell metabolism.Key words: polyhydroxybutyrate, polyphosphate, polymer electrolyte, ion transport.

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