scholarly journals Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Aqueous Root Extract ofDicoma anomalaSond. in Wistar Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatai Oladunni Balogun ◽  
Anofi Omotayo Tom Ashafa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aqueous Root Extract

The present study evaluated the safety of aqueous root extract ofDicoma anomala(AQRED) through acute and subchronic toxicity studies. Single oral dose of AQRED at the concentration of 0, 5, 300, and 2000 mg/kg as well as 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day was administered to rats for 14-day acute and 90-day subchronic oral toxicity studies. The results revealed no mortalities or observed clinical signs of toxicity in all the rats during both investigation periods. In subchronic toxicity testing, administration of AQRED also did not cause any changes in body weight as well as food and water consumption patterns. The haematological parameters and blood chemistry revealed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the treatment and the control except in platelet count, alkaline phosphatase, and sodium levels where there was a significant increase (p<0.05), although there was also a significant reduction (p<0.05) in alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and creatinine when compared to control. However, these changes were not reflecting the results from histology. Conclusively, the obtained results suggested that the LD50of AQRED is in excess of 2000 mg/kg and its oral administration for 90 days revealed that it is unlikely to be toxic, hence, safe.

scholarly journals Preclinical Safety of the Root Extract ofPolygala tenuifoliaWilldenow in Sprague-Dawley Rats and Beagle Dogs

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki Young Shin ◽  
Beom Young Won ◽  
Hyun Jee Ha ◽  
Yeo Sang Yun ◽  
Hyung Gun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Polygala Tenuifolia ◽  
Preclinical Safety

The root ofPolygala tenuifoliaWilldenow has been used for the treatment of insomnia, depression, and amnesia. However, the toxicological properties of the herb have been overlooked, because it has been used for a long time for various purposes. In this study, we evaluated the preclinical safety of the root extract in rats and beagle dogs. First, the acute oral toxicity was tested in both rats and dogs. In the rats, only one female of 2 g/kg died, but no treatment-related death or clinical and gross findings were observed after the administration. No toxicological changes or mortalities related to the test substance were also observed after the administration in the dogs. Although vomiting, discoloration, or hemorrhage was found in some dogs, there were no serious abnormalities. Second, the subchronic toxicity was investigated in the rats. Two animals were found dead in the female group of 1,000 mg/kg/day, but there were no abnormal findings associated with the test substance. There also were no adverse effects on the clinical signs, body weight, and hematological and biochemical findings. Therefore, our results showed that the acute or subchronic toxicity of the root extract ofPolygala tenuifoliamight not be toxic to rats and dogs.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity, Phytochemical Screening, Analgesic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Aqueous and Methanol Root Extracts of Maerua triphylla A. Rich. (Capparaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Brian Muyukani Wangusi ◽  
Laetitia Wakonyu Kanja ◽  
Isaac Mpapuluu Ole-Mapenay ◽  
Jared Misonge Onyancha
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Aqueous Root Extract

Maerua triphylla root extracts are used by Maasai and Kikuyu communities in Kenya to manage headaches, stomachaches, migraines, and rheumatism. However, scientific data on their safety and efficacy are limited. The current study aims to investigate the safety, phytochemical constituents, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of M. triphylla root extracts. Aqueous and methanol M. triphylla root extracts were prepared by cold maceration, and the extracts’ safety was evaluated using Wistar rats according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2008) guidelines. Standard qualitative phytochemical screening methods were used for the detection of various phytochemical groups in the extracts. Analgesic activity assay in Swiss albino mice was done using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, while anti-inflammatory activity was determined in Wistar rats using the acetic acid-induced paw edema method. The methanol and aqueous extracts revealed LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw, classifying them as nontoxic. The presence of cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols was observed in both extracts. However, saponins were only present in the methanol extract. In the analgesic study, mice that received 100 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw of aqueous root extract of M. triphylla had significantly lower acetic acid-induced writhing than mice that received acetylsalicylic acid 75 mg (reference drug) ( p < 0.05 ). Additionally, mice that received 500 mg/kg bw of methanol root extract of M. triphylla had significantly lower acetic acid-induced writhing than mice that received the acetylsalicylic acid 75 mg ( p < 0.05 ). In the anti-inflammatory study, there was no significant difference ( p < 0.05 ) between the inhibitory activity of different doses of the aqueous root extract of M. triphylla and a 50 mg/kg dose of diclofenac sodium (reference drug) on acetic acid-induced paw edema in rats. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the inhibitory activity of 100 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw doses of the methanol root extract of M. triphylla and a 50 mg/kg dose of diclofenac sodium on acetic acid-induced paw edema ( p > 0.05 ). These findings suggest that the roots of M. triphylla may be useful in the safe mitigation of pain and inflammation and therefore support their ethnomedicinal use in the management of pain and inflammation.

scholarly journals A 90-Day Oral Toxicity of Hydroethanolic Root Extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Komlan M. Dossou-Yovo ◽  
Aboudoulatif Diallo ◽  
Povi Lawson-Evi ◽  
Yendubé T. Kantati ◽  
Tchin Darré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference

Background. Herbal medication is a worldwide and ancient practice, mostly in developing countries, where a large part of the population is involved in this practice. Hence, studies must be conducted to evaluate their safety and efficiency to avoid or prevent toxicological risks due to their usage. In Togo, Carissa spinarum is a medicinal plant belonging to Apocynaceae family, used as an aphrodisiac or to heal some ailments including malaria, sickle cell anemia, hypertension, pain, and asthma. Notwithstanding its several ethnomedicinal benefits, just a few toxicological data associated with its chronic use are available. Objective. Therefore, this study aims to assess the toxicity of an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar rats. Methods. The 90-day oral toxicity process following OECD TG 408 guidelines is used. Male Wistar rats received Carissa spinarum root hydroethanolic extract at 500 and 1000 mg/kg for 90 days by oral gavage. Body weight changes, hematological and blood biochemical parameters, organ weight changes, malondialdehyde as a lipoperoxidation marker expressed according to tissue proteins, and histopathology of vital organs were assessed. Results. No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed during the 90 days experiment. Hematological parameters have not shown any treatment-related abnormalities. According to biochemical parameters, an increase in the chloride ion level was observed at 1000 mg/kg p < 0.01 . There was no significant difference between the treated groups and the control group concerning the malondialdehyde concentration, body weight, and organ relative weight. No changes in necropsy and histopathology of vital organs associated with extract treatment were observed. Conclusion. The results indicated that an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum does not cause adverse effects, which can lead to Wistar rats’ death after 90-day oral administration at 500 and 1000 mg.

scholarly journals Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Studies of Combretum collinum Methanol Root Extract in Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-28
Author(s):  
S. W. Hassan ◽  
A. N. Ukwuani-Kwaja ◽  
U. D. Nuhu ◽  
R. D. Jabaka
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Studies

Combretum collinum root extract has been recognized long ago as traditional medicinal plant in curing several diseases among the indigenous people of Alela-land (Zuru), Kebbi State, Nigeria. This research work was carried out to evaluate the toxicological effects of Combretum collinum methanol root extract (CCME) in albino rats. Acute toxicity was performed by a fixed single oral administration at a dose of 10, 100, 1000 mg/Kg and 1600, 2900, 5000 mg/Kg. Subchronic toxicity studies of CCME was conducted at doses of 32, 63, 126 and 253 mg/Kg for 28 days. The result showed that acute administration of CCME resulted at mortality and general behavioral changes at 1000 to 5000 mg/Kg. Therefore, the estimated lethal dose (LD50) of CCME was 316.23 mg/Kg. Subchronic oral administration of CCME revealed a significant (P<0.01) decrease in body weight in rats receiving 63 to 253 mg/Kg throughout the study period compared with the control group. The results also showed a significant (P<0.01) increase in serum ALT, AST, creatinine, potassium and bicarbonate in rats administered with 126 and 253 mg/Kg of the extract. Haematological analysis of the same extract revealed a significant (P<0.01) increase in WBC, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, LYM and NEUT in rats receiving 126 and 253 mg/Kg only. Histopathological examination of liver revealed severe periportal inflammation, hypertrophy, areas of hydropic changes, cancerous tumor, areas of infiltration and necrosis of the hepatic cells while the kidney showed a mild mesengial hyperplasia, compressed blood vessels, glomerular degeneration, tubular degeneration and tubular widened lumen in rats treated with 63 to 253 mg/Kg. Therefore, caution should be applied as C. collinum root extract has a low mean lethal dose and would be toxic at higher concentrations.

scholarly journals Safety evaluation of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 via oral toxicity tests in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 239784731880737
Author(s):  
Satoshi Arai ◽  
Jun-ichi Minami ◽  
Masamichi Muto ◽  
Noriyuki Iwabuchi ◽  
Koji Yamauchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Repeated Dose ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Bifidobacterium Breve ◽  
Dose Oral

In this study, the safety of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274, a probiotic bifidobacterial strain, was assessed by single-dose and 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity studies. In the single-dose oral toxicity assay using 6000 mg/kg of B. breve MCC1274 corresponding to 8.4 × 1011 colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg, mortality and adverse effects were not observed. Furthermore, the administration of 1000 mg/kg of B. breve MCC1274 by oral gavage in saline for 90 days did not induce any signs of toxicity, such as changes in clinical signs, body weight (BW), food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, blood chemistry, organ weight, gross pathology, and histopathology compared to the control group given cornstarch in saline (10/sex/group). The no-observed-adverse-effect-level of B. breve MCC1274 in the 90-day repeated-dose toxicity study was greater than 1000 mg/kg corresponding to 1.3 × 1011 CFU/kg. Based on the findings of this study, the acceptable daily intake of B. breve MCC1274 was calculated to be 1.3 × 109 CFU/kg BW/day.

scholarly journals Identification of Plant Soot as Novel Safe Feed Additive: Evaluation of 90-Day Oral Toxicity and Prenatal Developmental Toxicity in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyao Pei ◽  
Xilong Xiao ◽  
Jianling Liao ◽  
Linfu Ke ◽  
Daowen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Effect Level

Plant soot, as a novel feed additive, could not only improve digestive function but also adsorb mycotoxins and inhibit bacterial infections. The subchronic toxicity and prenatal developmental effects of plant soot were studied for the first time. Our results indicated that there was no subchronic toxicity in the range of 2,000–50,000 mg/kg plant soot added in the feed, and there was no significant difference in reproductive function, embryo development, and teratogenicity between the pregnant rats exposed to 312.5, 1,250, and 5,000 mg/kg plant soot and the control group. The maximum no-observed effect level (NOEL) of supplemental dosage in feed could be set to 50,000 mg/kg, and the maximum intragastric NOEL could be set to 5,000 mg/kg, which preliminarily provided guidance on daily additive amount or clinical protocols for plant soot, as well as promoting the development and application of this harmless antibiotic substitutes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of 90-day subchronic oral toxicity of aqueous extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb (Verbenaceae) leaves in Wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-622
Author(s):  
Razack Osseni ◽  
Azonbakin Simon ◽  
Diallo Aboudoulatif ◽  
Habib Ganfon ◽  
Adjagba Marius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights

Purpose: To evaluate the 90 day sub-chronic toxicity of aqueous extract of Gmelina arborea leaves in Wistar rats. Methods: Rats were submitted to repeated daily oral administration of extract (250, 62.5 and 15.62 mg/kg) of Gmelina arborea leaves. The control groups were given distilled water and the rats were monitored for any toxicity symptoms as well as body and organs weights, water and food intake changes. The biochemical, haematological and histolopathological parameters were analysed. Results: The 90 days administration of the aqueous extract did not produce any toxicity signs or mortality. In addition, no significant alteration in water or food intake by the rats was observed. Although there were no changes in the body weights, significant decrease in the weight of the kidneys of the rats was observed at 250 mg/kg. Biological parameters as well as the histopathology of liver and kidneys were not significantly affected. Significant decreases were noted in glucose level at the three dose levels. In addition, significant difference in the levels of transaminases, glucose and platelets were observed. Conclusion: The 90-days subchronic toxicity test on Gmelina arborea did not produce any toxic effects. This confirms the safety of the plant leaves by traditional medicine practitioners. Keywords: Gmelina arborea, Subchronic toxicity, Wistars rats, Biological parameters

scholarly journals An Idiopathic Febrile Necrotizing Arteritis Syndrome in the Dog: Beagle Pain Syndrome,

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (1_part_2) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Hayes ◽  
G. K. S. Roberts ◽  
W. H. Halliwell
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Pathologic Features ◽  
The Media ◽  
Cervical Musculature

The clinical, laboratory, and pathologic features of a syndrome in dogs characterized by intermittent pain, fever, neutrophilia, and necrotizing arteritis are described to alert others involved in toxicity testing to the existence of this disorder. It is considered that this idiopathic syndrome is a latent condition, the expression of which can be precipitated in predisposed dogs by experimental treatment, and thus, its occurrence could complicate interpretation of toxicity studies. We have observed the disorder in 14 beagle dogs. The syndrome is rare and most cases for study were supplied by the breeder. Typical clinical signs observed included evidence of pain when the mouth was opened, grunting when lifted, and standing with an arched back and lowered head. Appetite was usually reduced. Body temperature was elevated (e.g., 104–106°F). There was progressive, bilateral atrophy of temporal and cervical musculature. Such signs have been observed to persist unremittingly or, more commonly, with periods of expression and remission. Neutrophilic leukocytosis and thrombocytosis were present. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were usually slightly decreased. Serum total protein was usually normal but albumin was reduced and alpha-2 globulins were markedly increased. Rheumatoid factor was elevated in several dogs. Arteritis was observed histologically and was characterized by necrosis, intimal proliferation, neutrophil and mononuclear cell infiltration in the media and periarterial tissues, and hemorrhage. Amyloidosis was observed in several dogs. The cause of this disorder is unknown. Knowledge of the distinct features of this syndrome should obviate complication of interpretation of results in toxicity studies and hopefully will lead to studies of this syndrome to provide an understanding of its etiopathogenesis.

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