scholarly journals The Endocannabinoid System in the Retina: From Physiology to Practical and Therapeutic Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Schwitzer ◽  
Raymund Schwan ◽  
Karine Angioi-Duprez ◽  
Anne Giersch ◽  
Vincent Laprevote
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Cannabinoid System ◽  
Retinal Processing ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

Cannabisis one of the most prevalent drugs used in industrialized countries. The main effects ofCannabisare mediated by two major exogenous cannabinoids: ∆9-tetrahydroxycannabinol and cannabidiol. They act on specific endocannabinoid receptors, especially types 1 and 2. Mammals are endowed with a functional cannabinoid system including cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes. This endocannabinoid signaling pathway is involved in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions with a main role in the biology of the central nervous system. As the retina is a part of the central nervous system due to its embryonic origin, we aim at providing the relevance of studying the endocannabinoid system in the retina. Here, we review the distribution of the cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes in the retina and focus on the role of the cannabinoid system in retinal neurobiology. This review describes the presence of the cannabinoid system in critical stages of retinal processing and its broad involvement in retinal neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection. Accordingly, we support the use of synthetic cannabinoids as new neuroprotective drugs to prevent and treat retinal diseases. Finally, we argue for the relevance of functional retinal measures in cannabis users to evaluate the impact of cannabis use on human retinal processing.

scholarly journals Does the Gut Microbiota Influence Immunity and Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Adamczyk-Sowa ◽  
Aldona Medrek ◽  
Paulina Madej ◽  
Wirginia Michlicka ◽  
Pawel Dobrakowski
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Aim.Evaluation of the impact of gut microflora on the pathophysiology of MS.Results. The etiopathogenesis of MS is not fully known. Gut microbiota may be of a great importance in the pathogenesis of MS, since recent findings suggest that substitutions of certain microbial population in the gut can lead to proinflammatory state, which can lead to MS in humans. In contrast, other commensal bacteria and their antigenic products may protect against inflammation within the central nervous system. The type of intestinal flora is affected by antibiotics, stress, or diet. The effects on MS through the intestinal microflora can also be achieved by antibiotic therapy andLactobacillus. EAE, as an animal model of MS, indicates a strong influence of the gut microbiota on the immune system and shows that disturbances in gut physiology may contribute to the development of MS.Conclusions.The relationship between the central nervous system, the immune system, and the gut microbiota relates to the influence of microorganisms in the development of MS. A possible interaction between gut microbiota and the immune system can be perceived through regulation by the endocannabinoid system. It may offer an opportunity to understand the interaction comprised in the gut-immune-brain axis.

Expression and distribution of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system of the African cichlid fishPelvicachromis pulcher

2005 ◽  
Vol 485 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Cottone ◽  
Sarah Forno ◽  
Ezio Campantico ◽  
Alda Guastalla ◽  
Laura Viltono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
African Cichlid ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals The variable monoaminergic outcomes of cleaner fish brains when facing different social and mutualistic contexts

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murilo S. de Abreu ◽  
João P.M. Messias ◽  
Per-Ove Thörnqvist ◽  
Svante Winberg ◽  
Marta C. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Dopaminergic Activity ◽  
Cleaner Fish ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

The monoamines serotonin and dopamine are important neuromodulators present in the central nervous system, known to be active regulators of social behaviour in fish as in other vertebrates. Our aim was to investigate the region-specific brain monoaminergic differences arising when individual cleaners face a client (mutualistic context) compared to when they are introduced to another conspecific (conspecific context), and to understand the relevance of visual assessment compared to the impact of physical contact with any partner. We demonstrated that serotoninergic activity at the diencephalon responds mostly to the absence of physical contact with clients whereas cerebellar dopaminergic activity responds to actual cleaning engagement. We provide first insights on the brain’s monoaminergic (region-specific) response variations, involved in the expression of cleaner fishes’ mutualistic and conspecific behaviour. These results contribute to a better understanding of the monoaminergic activity in accordance to different socio-behavioural contexts.

scholarly journals Progress in Research on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Causing Neurological Diseases and Its Infection Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lintao Wang ◽  
Zhiguang Ren ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
Yanjie Han ◽  
Wenqiang Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Great Harm

COVID-19 has spread rapidly worldwide since its outbreak and has now become a major public health problem. More and more evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 may not only affect the respiratory system but also cause great harm to the central nervous system. Therefore, it is extremely important to explore in-depth the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the nervous system. In this paper, the possible mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 invading the central nervous system during COVID-19, and the neurological complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection were reviewed.

Relation of insulin resistance to neurocognitive function and electroencephalography in obese children

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Onur Akın ◽  
İbrahim Eker ◽  
Mutluay Arslan ◽  
Süleyman Tolga Yavuz ◽  
Sevil Akman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Neurocognitive Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Biochemical Indices ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackground:Childhood obesity may lead to neuronal impairment in both the peripheral and the central nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the impact of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) on the central nervous system and neurocognitive functions in children.Methods:Seventy-three obese children (38 male and 35 female) and 42 healthy children (21 male and 21 female) were recruited. Standard biochemical indices and IR were evaluated. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and electroencephalography (EEG) were administered to all participants. The obese participants were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of IR, and the data were compared between the subgroups.Results:Only verbal scores on the WISC-R in the IR+ group were significantly lower than those of the control and IR– groups. There were no differences between the groups with respect to other parameters of the WISC-R or the EEG. Verbal scores of the WISC-R were negatively correlated with obesity duration and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values. EEGs showed significantly more frequent ‘slowing during hyperventilation’ (SDHs) in obese children than non-obese children.Conclusions:Neurocognitive functions, particularly verbal abilities, were impaired in obese children with IR. An early examination of cognitive functions may help identify and correct such abnormalities in obese children.

HLA-DRB1*1501 intensifies the impact of IL-6 promoter polymorphism on the susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in an Iranian population

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1173-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shahbazi ◽  
H. Ebadi ◽  
D. Fathi ◽  
D. Roshandel ◽  
M. Mohamadhosseni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Promoter Polymorphism ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽  
The Impact

Background: The multifunctional cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in inflammatory processes in the central nervous system. It is well documented that amount of IL-6 is increased in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and central nervous system lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis. A single nucleotide polymorphism at position -174 in the IL-6 gene promotor appears to influence IL-6 expression. Recently, several researchers have focused on HLA-DRB alleles, specifically HLA-DRB1*1501, as a potential risk allele in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Objective: To investigate the possible influence of IL-6/-174 polymorphisms on susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and its integration with HLA-DRB1*1501. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of 345 patients with multiple sclerosis and 426 control subjects. Method: The SSP-PCR method was used to determine genotypes and Fisher’s exact test was applied to determine differences between groups. HLA-DRB1*1501 was observed more frequently among multiple sclerosis patients compared with healthy subjects (45% and 34%, respectively; OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2—2.2, p = 0.0018). At the IL-6/-174 position, the G allele had higher frequency among multiple sclerosis patients compared with controls (77% and 70%, respectively; OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1—1.8, p = 0.0038). This difference was more significant among HLA-DRB1*1501-positive patients and controls (81% and 67%, respectively; OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5—2.5, p < 0.0001). Results: Our results have shown that the G allele at the IL-6/-174 promoter polymorphism may be associated with development of multiple sclerosis in this population, and may be strengthened by HLA-DRB1*1501. Conclusions: We suggest more studies to confirm these results in other populations.

scholarly journals Adiponectin and Cognitive Decline

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rosaria Rizzo ◽  
Renata Fasano ◽  
Giuseppe Paolisso
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Adiponectin (ADPN) is a plasma protein secreted by adipose tissue showing pleiotropic effects with anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Initially, it was thought that the main role was only the metabolism control. Later, ADPN receptors were also found in the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, the receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are expressed in various areas of the brain, including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cortex. While AdipoR1 regulates insulin sensitivity through the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, AdipoR2 stimulates the neural plasticity through the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) pathway that inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress. Overall, based on its central and peripheral actions, ADPN appears to have neuroprotective effects by reducing inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (PCR), interleukin 6 (IL6), and Tumor Necrosis Factor a (TNFa). Conversely, high levels of inflammatory cascade factors appear to inhibit the production of ADPN, suggesting bidirectional modulation. In addition, ADPN appears to have insulin-sensitizing action. It is known that a reduction in insulin signaling is associated with cognitive impairment. Based on this, it is of great interest to investigate the mechanism of restoration of the insulin signal in the brain as an action of ADPN, because it is useful for testing a possible pharmacological treatment for the improvement of cognitive decline. Anyway, if ADPN regulates neuronal functioning and cognitive performances by the glycemic metabolic system remains poorly explored. Moreover, although the mechanism is still unclear, women compared to men have a doubled risk of developing cognitive decline. Several studies have also supported that during the menopausal transition, the estrogen reduction can adversely affect the brain, in particular, verbal memory and verbal fluency. During the postmenopausal period, in obese and insulin-resistant individuals, ADPN serum levels are significantly reduced. Our recent study has evaluated the relationship between plasma ADPN levels and cognitive performances in menopausal women. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize both the mechanisms and the effects of ADPN in the central nervous system and the relationship between plasma ADPN levels and cognitive performances, also in menopausal women.

scholarly journals The impact of high and low dose ionising radiation on the central nervous system

Redox Biology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 144-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calina Betlazar ◽  
Ryan J. Middleton ◽  
Richard B. Banati ◽  
Guo-Jun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Ionising Radiation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact
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