scholarly journals Sex-Dependent Effects of Dietary Genistein on Echocardiographic Profile and Cardiac GLUT4 Signaling in Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana Leung ◽  
Joshua B. Martin ◽  
Todd Lawmaster ◽  
Kathryn Arthur ◽  
Tom L. Broderick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Whole Heart ◽  
Fractional Shortening

This study aimed to determine whether genistein diet resulted in changes in cardiac function, using echocardiography, and expression of key proteins involved in glucose uptake by the myocardium. Intact male and female C57BL/6J mice (aged 4–6 weeks) were fed either 600 mg genistein/kg diet (600 G) or 0 mg genistein/kg diet (0 G) for 4 weeks. Echocardiography data revealed sex-dependent differences in the absence of genistein: compared to females, hearts from males exhibited increased systolic left ventricle internal dimension (LVIDs), producing a decrease in function, expressed as fractional shortening (FS). Genistein diet also induced echocardiographic changes in function: in female hearts, 600G induced a 1.5-fold (P<0.05) increase in LVIDs, resulting in a significant decrease in FS and whole heart surface area when compared to controls (fed 0 G). Genistein diet increased cardiac GLUT4 protein expression in both males (1.51-fold,P<0.05) and females (1.76-fold,P<0.05). However, no effects on the expression of notable intracellular signaling glucose uptake-regulated proteins were observed. Our data indicate that consumption of genistein diet for 4 weeks induces echocardiographic changes in indices of systolic function in females and has beneficial effects on cardiac GLUT4 protein expression in both males and females.

Differential glycolytic and glycogenogenic transduction pathways in male and female bovine embryos produced in vitro

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Garcia-Herreros ◽  
I. M. Aparicio ◽  
D. Rath ◽  
T. Fair ◽  
P. Lonergan
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Glucose Transporter 1 ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Glut 1

Previous studies have shown that developmental kinetic rates following IVF are lower in female than in male blastocysts and that this may be related to differences in glucose metabolism. In addition, an inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibits glucose uptake in murine blastocysts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and compare the expression of proteins involved in glucose metabolism (hexokinase-I, HK-I; phosphofructokinase-1, PFK-1; pyruvate kinase1/2, PK1/2; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH; glucose transporter-1, GLUT-1; and glycogen synthase kinase-3, GSK-3) in male and female bovine blastocysts to determine whether PI3-K has a role in the regulation of the expression of these proteins. Hexokinase-I, PFK-1, PK1/2, GAPDH and GLUT-1 were present in bovine embryos. Protein expression of these proteins and GSK-3 was significantly higher in male compared with female blastocysts. Inhibition of PI3-K with LY294002 significantly decreased the expression of HK-I, PFK-1, GAPDH, GSK-3 A/B and GLUT-1. Results showed that the expression of glycolytic proteins HK-I, PFK-1, GAPDH and PK1/2, and the transporters GLUT-1 and GSK-3 is regulated by PI3-K in bovine blastocysts. Moreover, the differential protein expression observed between male and female blastocysts might explain the faster developmental kinetics seen in males, as the expression of main proteins involved in glycolysis and glycogenogenesis was significantly higher in male than female bovine embryos and also could explain the sensitivity of male embryos to a high concentration of glucose, as a positive correlation between GLUT-1 expression and glucose uptake in embryos has been demonstrated.

scholarly journals Factors Driving Unique Urination Phenotypes of Male and Female 9-week-old C57BL/6J Mice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Ruetten ◽  
Kyle A. Wegner ◽  
Helen L. Zhang ◽  
Peiqing Wang ◽  
Jaskiran Sandhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Voiding Function ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Urinary Tract Symptoms ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Effective Use

ABSTRACTLaboratory mice are used to identify causes of urinary dysfunction including prostate-related mechanisms of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS). Effective use of mice for this purpose requires a clear understanding of molecular, cellular, anatomical, and endocrine contributions to voiding function. Whether the prostate influences baseline voiding function has not been specifically evaluated, in part because most methods that alter prostate mass also change circulating testosterone concentrations. We performed void spot assay and cystometry to establish a multi-parameter “baseline” of voiding function in intact male and female 9-week-old (adult) C57BL/6J mice. We then compared voiding function in intact male mice to that of castrate males, males (and females) treated with the steroid five alpha reductase inhibitor finasteride, or males harboring alleles (Pbsn4cre/+;R26RDta/+) that significantly reduce prostate lobe mass by depleting prostatic luminal epithelial cells. We evaluated aging-related changes in male urinary voiding. We also treated intact male, castrate male, and female mice with exogenous testosterone to determine the influence of androgen on voiding function. The three methods used to reduce prostate mass (castration, finasteride, Pbsn4cre/+; R26RDta/+) changed voiding function from baseline but in a nonuniform manner. Castration feminized some aspects of male urinary physiology (making them more like intact female) while exogenous testosterone masculinized some aspects of female urinary physiology (making them more like intact male). Our results provide evidence that circulating testosterone is responsible in part for baseline sex differences in C57BL/6J mouse voiding function while prostate lobe mass in young, healthy adult mice has a lesser influence.

scholarly journals Nesfatin-1 suppresses fish reproductive axis and gonadal steroidogenesis

Reproduction ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 160 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-454
Author(s):  
Jithine Jayakumar Rajeswari ◽  
Suraj Unniappan
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Brain Aromatase ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Family

Nesfatin-1 is a naturally occurring orphan ligand in fish and mammals. Research in our lab resulted in the identification of an inhibitory role for nesfatin-1 on pituitary hormones (goldfish) and oocyte maturation (zebrafish). The present study is an extension of these original findings and aimed to determine whether nesfatin-1 has any additional effects on HPG genes in male and female goldfish. We found that a single i.p. injection of synthetic nesfatin-1 (50 ng/g body weight) downregulated the expression of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sgnrh), chicken gnrh-II (cgnrh-II), kisspeptin receptor (gpr54a) and brain aromatase (cyp19a1b) mRNAs in the hypothalamus of both male and female goldfish at 15 min post-administration. In the pituitary of both males and females, nesfatin-1 reduced luteinizing hormone beta (lhβ) and follicle stimulating hormone beta (fshβ) mRNA expression at 60 min and gpr54a mRNA at 15 min. Similarly, the gonadotropin receptors lhr and fshr were downregulated in the gonads. Meanwhile, gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (gnih), gnih receptor, kisspeptin 1 (kiss1) and gpr54a mRNA expression in the gonads were increased post-nesfatin-1 treatment. Nesfatin-1 negatively influences the star, cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1, anti-mullerian hormone and aromatase mRNAs. In agreement with these results, nesfatin-1 reduced plasma estradiol and testosterone in female and male goldfish circulation at 60 min post-injection. The information generated through this research further solidified nesfatin-1 as an inhibitor of reproductive hormones in fish. Targeting nesfatin-1 and related peptides could yield beneficial effects in fish reproduction and aquaculture.

CaR-mediated COX-2 expression in primary cultured mTAL cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (4) ◽  
pp. F658-F664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dairong Wang ◽  
Shao-Jian An ◽  
Wen-Hui Wang ◽  
John C. McGiff ◽  
Nicholas R. Ferreri
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Mrna Accumulation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

Primary cultures of medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) cells retain the capacity to express calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) mRNA and protein. Increases in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA accumulation, protein expression, and PGE2 synthesis were observed in a dose- and time-dependent manner after exposure of these cells to extracellular calcium (Ca[Formula: see text]). Moreover, transfection of mTAL cells with a CaR overexpression vector significantly enhanced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in response to calcium compared with cells transfected with an empty vector. Challenge with the CaR-selective agonist poly-l-arginine (PLA) also increased COX-2 mRNA accumulation, protein expression, and PGE2 synthesis. Furthermore, Ca[Formula: see text]- and PLA-mediated PGE2production was abolished in the presence of NS-398 or nimesulide, two different COX-2-selective inhibitors. These data suggest that intracellular signaling mechanisms initiated via activation of CaR contribute to COX-2-dependent PGE2 synthesis in the mTAL. Because Ca[Formula: see text] concentration varies along Henle's loop, calcium may contribute to salt and water balance via a COX-2- and CaR-dependent mechanism. Thus novel calcimimetics might be useful in conditions such as hypertension in which manipulation of extracellular fluid volume provides beneficial effects.

scholarly journals SAT-593 Sex-Specific Modifications in MicroRNAs Contained in Exosomes of Astrocytes in Response to Palmitic Acid

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Ann Chowen ◽  
Santiago Guerra-Cantera ◽  
Roberto Collado-Perez ◽  
Jesús Argente ◽  
Laura M Frago
Keyword(s):  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Communication between astrocytes and neurons is fundamental for correct functioning of the brain, in both physiological and pathophysiological situations. It is clear that astrocytes play an active role in metabolic control, but much is yet to be learned regarding how these glial cells and the neurons involved in energy intake/expenditure communicate to regulate energy homeostasis. We hypothesized that miRNAs contained in exosomes are an important means of cross-talk between these cells. Our objectives here were to determine whether the miRNA content of exosomes released by hypothalamic astrocytes changes in function of nutrient signals and if these signals are similar between males and females. To this end, primary hypothalamic astrocyte cultures were prepared from 2-day old male and female mice, using a standard protocol, and treated with palmitic acid (PA, 0.5 mM) or vehicle for 24 hours. The exosomes secreted into the culture media were purified and next generation sequencing analysis of the miRNAs contained in these microvesicles performed. Over 200 known miRNAs were identified in the samples. Heat map analysis of the 50 miRNAs most highly expressed across all samples showed significant differences based on sex and PA exposure, as well as differential changes between sexes in response to PA. Of the 25 most highly expressed miRNAs, 24 were significantly different between males and females (Benjamini-Hochberg FDR corrected p-values, between p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.0001). In response to PA, 190 miRNAs changed significantly in female astrocytes, but only 92 in male astrocytes; hence, after exposure to PA, 59 miRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed in exosomes of male and female astrocytes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis indicated that modifications in the miRNAs identified here could be related to biological processes such as response to cell injury, as might be expected, but also protein polymerization, receptor trafficking, intracellular signaling, microtubule polymerization, vasodilation, and cytoskeleton organization. Our results suggest that astrocytes communicate changes in nutrient availability to other cell types through miRNAs. Verification and determination of the specific responses to the modification in these miRNAs are now necessary.

A Neurological Study of the Clasp Reflex in Xenopus Laevis (Daudin)1)

Behaviour ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 41-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Hutchison ◽  
J.C. Poynton
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
External Forces

AbstractDuring amplexus, an intact Xenopus male shows a number of distinct clasp patterns which serve to keep it attached to the female. A light "maintenance" clasp, keeps the male in the clasp position when the clasping pair are immobile. Elaborate "emergency'' patterns prevent the male from being dislodged if either the female's swimming movements or external forces tend to dislodge the male. The neural mechanisms controlling these male clasp patterns have been investigated by subjecting the CNS to a series of transections. Groups of male and female frogs were transected at specific levels in the CNS and then subjected to stimuli which resemble those normally eliciting clasp patterns in the intact male during amplexus. It was found that males transected in the posterior medulla, mid-brain and fore-brain could not be stimulated to display clasping behaviour. However males transected in the anterior medulla could be stimulated to display reflex activity which appeared to be identical to the clasp patterns of intact males in amplexus. Xenopus females, transected in the anterior medulla, could also be stimulated to display the basic male clasp patterns. Quantitative measurements of recordings of the clasp patterns of transected males suggest that control mechanisms are situated in the medulla which "store" the complete emergency and maintenance patterns. These control mechanisms are only fired off by specific stimuli. The effects of variation in the level of sex hormones on the functioning of the clasp control mechanisms have been tested. For this purpose, sexually active males and females, (injected with chorionic gonadotropin) and sexually inactive males and females (untreated and gonadectomised) were transected and their behaviour patterns compared. Variation in the level of sex hormones was found to have no effect on the behaviour of either transected males or females. The results of this investigation suggest that, during amplexus, the clasping behaviour of the male is controlled by a "self-regulating unit" situated in the medulla and spine. When the male is in amplexus this unit can function independently of the mid- and forebrain. This conclusion is contrary to the hypothesis put forward by RUSSELL (1954) on the functioning of the clasp control mechanism in Xenopus.

Beneficial effects of carrots (Daucus carota) on adipocyte differentiation, glucose uptake, and fat accumulation

Planta Medica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Christensen ◽  
D Kotowska ◽  
L Olsen ◽  
S Bhattacharya ◽  
X Fretté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Beneficial Effects

GONADOTROPHIN PATTERNS IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS:

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Boyd ◽  
Donald C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Prostate Weight ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Normal Males

ABSTRACT The effects of various doses of testosterone propionate (TP) upon the release of luteinizing hormone (LH or ICSH) from the hypophysis of a gonadectomized male or female rat were compared. Prostate weight in hypophysectomized male parabiotic partners was used to evaluate the quantity of circulating LH. Hypophyseal LH was measured by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion method. Males castrated when 45 days old secreted significantly more LH and had three times the amount of pituitary LH as ovariectomized females. Administration of 25 μg TP daily reduced the amount of LH in the plasma, and increased the amount in the pituitary gland, in both sexes. Treatment with 50 μg caused a further reduction in plasma LH in males, but not in females, while pituitary levels in both were equal to that of their respective controls. LH fell to the same low level in partners of males or females receiving 100 μg TP. When gonadectomized at 39 days, males and females had the same amount of plasma LH, but males had more stored hormone. Pituitary levels were unchanged from controls following treatment with 12.5, 25 or 50 μg TP daily, but plasma values dropped an equal amount in both sexes with the latter two doses. Androgenized males or females, gonadectomized when 39 days old, were very sensitive to the effects of TP and plasma LH was significantly reduced with 12.5 μg daily. Pituitary LH in androgenized males was higher than that of normal males but was reduced to normal by small amounts of TP. The amount of stored LH in androgenized females was not different from that of normal females and it was unchanged by any dose of TP tested. Results are consistent with the conclusion that the male hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis is at least as sensitive as the female axis to the negative feedback effects of TP. Androgenization increases the sensitivity to TP in both males and females.

Gender Differences in Clothing Worn in Current Popular Comic Books

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Landon Jossy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Comic Books ◽  
Book Industry ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

This study looked at how males and females were portrayed, based on the amount of skin shown in the clothing worn.  A Content analysis was performed on a sample of 20 randomly selected popular comics from the last 3 years.  Both male and female characters were rated on how much skin they showed in three clothing categories; neck line, sleeve length, and lower body.  Results showed that in all 3 categories, women consistently wore more revealing clothing.  The findings demonstraetd that the comic book industry is comparable to other forms of media, in the sexualization of female characters, by having them wear more revealing clothing.

scholarly journals Spinal Muscular Atrophy after Nusinersen Therapy: Improved Physiology in Pediatric Patients with No Significant Change in Urine, Serum, and Liquor 1H-NMR Metabolomes in Comparison to an Age-Matched, Healthy Cohort

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Leon Deutsch ◽  
Damjan Osredkar ◽  
Janez Plavec ◽  
Blaž Stres
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Spinal Muscular Atrophy ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Healthy Cohort ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Urine Serum

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetically heterogeneous group of rare neuromuscular diseases and was until recently the most common genetic cause of death in children. The effects of 2-month nusinersen therapy on urine, serum, and liquor 1H-NMR metabolomes in SMA males and females were not explored yet, especially not in comparison to the urine 1H-NMR metabolomes of matching male and female cohorts. In this prospective, single-centered study, urine, serum, and liquor samples were collected from 25 male and female pediatric patients with SMA before and after 2 months of nusinersen therapy and urine samples from a matching healthy cohort (n = 125). Nusinersen intrathecal application was the first therapy for the treatment of SMA by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Metabolomes were analyzed using targeted metabolomics utilizing 600 MHz 1H-NMR, parametric and nonparametric multivariate statistical analyses, machine learning, and modeling. Medical assessment before and after nusinersen therapy showed significant improvements of movement, posture, and strength according to various medical tests. No significant differences were found in metabolomes before and after nusinersen therapy in urine, serum, and liquor samples using an ensemble of statistical and machine learning approaches. In comparison to a healthy cohort, 1H-NMR metabolomes of SMA patients contained a reduced number and concentration of urine metabolites and differed significantly between males and females as well. Significantly larger data scatter was observed for SMA patients in comparison to matched healthy controls. Machine learning confirmed urinary creatinine as the most significant, distinguishing SMA patients from the healthy cohort. The positive effects of nusinersen therapy clearly preceded or took place devoid of significant rearrangements in the 1H-NMR metabolomic makeup of serum, urine, and liquor. Urine creatinine was successful at distinguishing SMA patients from the matched healthy cohort, which is a simple systemic novelty linking creatinine and SMA to the physiology of inactivity and diabetes, and it facilitates the monitoring of SMA disease in pediatric patients through non-invasive urine collection.

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