scholarly journals Factors Driving Unique Urination Phenotypes of Male and Female 9-week-old C57BL/6J Mice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Ruetten ◽  
Kyle A. Wegner ◽  
Helen L. Zhang ◽  
Peiqing Wang ◽  
Jaskiran Sandhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Voiding Function ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Urinary Tract Symptoms ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Effective Use

ABSTRACTLaboratory mice are used to identify causes of urinary dysfunction including prostate-related mechanisms of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS). Effective use of mice for this purpose requires a clear understanding of molecular, cellular, anatomical, and endocrine contributions to voiding function. Whether the prostate influences baseline voiding function has not been specifically evaluated, in part because most methods that alter prostate mass also change circulating testosterone concentrations. We performed void spot assay and cystometry to establish a multi-parameter “baseline” of voiding function in intact male and female 9-week-old (adult) C57BL/6J mice. We then compared voiding function in intact male mice to that of castrate males, males (and females) treated with the steroid five alpha reductase inhibitor finasteride, or males harboring alleles (Pbsn4cre/+;R26RDta/+) that significantly reduce prostate lobe mass by depleting prostatic luminal epithelial cells. We evaluated aging-related changes in male urinary voiding. We also treated intact male, castrate male, and female mice with exogenous testosterone to determine the influence of androgen on voiding function. The three methods used to reduce prostate mass (castration, finasteride, Pbsn4cre/+; R26RDta/+) changed voiding function from baseline but in a nonuniform manner. Castration feminized some aspects of male urinary physiology (making them more like intact female) while exogenous testosterone masculinized some aspects of female urinary physiology (making them more like intact male). Our results provide evidence that circulating testosterone is responsible in part for baseline sex differences in C57BL/6J mouse voiding function while prostate lobe mass in young, healthy adult mice has a lesser influence.

scholarly journals Impact of sex, androgens, and prostate size on C57BL/6J mouse urinary physiology: functional assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (4) ◽  
pp. F996-F1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Ruetten ◽  
Kyle A. Wegner ◽  
Helen L. Zhang ◽  
Peiqing Wang ◽  
Jaskiran Sandhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Voiding Function ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Effective Use

Laboratory mice are used to identify causes of urinary dysfunction including prostate-related mechanisms of lower urinary tract symptoms. Effective use of mice for this purpose requires a clear understanding of molecular, cellular, anatomic, and endocrine contributions to voiding function. Whether the prostate influences baseline voiding function has not been specifically evaluated, in part because most methods that alter prostate mass also change circulating testosterone concentrations. We performed void spot assay and cystometry to establish a multiparameter “baseline” of voiding function in intact male and female 9-wk-old (adult) C57BL/6J mice. We then compared voiding function in intact male mice to that of castrated male mice, male (and female) mice treated with the steroid 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride, or male mice harboring alleles ( Pbsn4cre/+; R26RDta/+) that significantly reduce prostate lobe mass by depleting prostatic luminal epithelial cells. We evaluated aging-related changes in male urinary voiding. We also treated intact male, castrate male, and female mice with exogenous testosterone to determine the influence of androgen on voiding function. The three methods used to reduce prostate mass (castration, finasteride, and Pbsn4cre/+; R26RDta/+) changed voiding function from baseline but in a nonuniform manner. Castration feminized some aspects of male urinary physiology (making them more like intact female mice) while exogenous testosterone masculinized some aspects of female urinary physiology (making them more like intact male mice). Our results provide evidence that circulating testosterone is responsible in part for baseline sex differences in C57BL/6J mouse voiding function while prostate lobe mass in young, healthy adult mice has a lesser influence.

scholarly journals Sex-Dependent Effects of Dietary Genistein on Echocardiographic Profile and Cardiac GLUT4 Signaling in Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana Leung ◽  
Joshua B. Martin ◽  
Todd Lawmaster ◽  
Kathryn Arthur ◽  
Tom L. Broderick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Whole Heart ◽  
Fractional Shortening

This study aimed to determine whether genistein diet resulted in changes in cardiac function, using echocardiography, and expression of key proteins involved in glucose uptake by the myocardium. Intact male and female C57BL/6J mice (aged 4–6 weeks) were fed either 600 mg genistein/kg diet (600 G) or 0 mg genistein/kg diet (0 G) for 4 weeks. Echocardiography data revealed sex-dependent differences in the absence of genistein: compared to females, hearts from males exhibited increased systolic left ventricle internal dimension (LVIDs), producing a decrease in function, expressed as fractional shortening (FS). Genistein diet also induced echocardiographic changes in function: in female hearts, 600G induced a 1.5-fold (P<0.05) increase in LVIDs, resulting in a significant decrease in FS and whole heart surface area when compared to controls (fed 0 G). Genistein diet increased cardiac GLUT4 protein expression in both males (1.51-fold,P<0.05) and females (1.76-fold,P<0.05). However, no effects on the expression of notable intracellular signaling glucose uptake-regulated proteins were observed. Our data indicate that consumption of genistein diet for 4 weeks induces echocardiographic changes in indices of systolic function in females and has beneficial effects on cardiac GLUT4 protein expression in both males and females.

Estrogen and prothrombin synthesis: effect of estrogen on absorption of vitamin K1

1977 ◽  
Vol 232 (1) ◽  
pp. H12-H17 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Jolly ◽  
C. Craig ◽  
T. E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Vitamin K1 ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Intact male and female albino rats fed a vitamin K-deficient diet develop a plasma prothrombin-proconvertin deficiency. Male rats respond with a precipitous drop to approximately 20–30% of normal plasma levels within 2–5 days, whereas female rats respond at a slower rate. Ethynylestradiol, 5–10 mug/day, or castration, reduces the progressive decline of plasma prothrombin-proconvertin seen in nonsupplemented intact male rats. The response of castrate females differs little from the response of intact females. Ethynylestradiol, 5–10 mug/day, affects both castrate males and females similarly, limiting the prothrombin-proconvertin decrease to about 13% below control value after 14 days. Intestinal absorption of vitamin K1 measured in the thoracic duct lymph of pentobarbital-anesthetized castrate male and female rats was shown to increase significantly after estrogen treatment. Estrogen-treated castrate male and female rats absorbed 25.8 mug and 11.8 mug vitamin K1, respectively. Nontreated control castrate male and female rats absorbed 0.0 mug and 1.2 mug, respectively, during a 240-min collection period. Use of radioactive vitamin K1 in similar experiments confirmed these results. Estrogen-treated castrate males absorbed vitamin K1 at the rate of 30-40 mug/g lymph whereas nontreated control males absorbed only about 6 mug/g lymph.

A Neurological Study of the Clasp Reflex in Xenopus Laevis (Daudin)1)

Behaviour ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 41-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Hutchison ◽  
J.C. Poynton
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
External Forces

AbstractDuring amplexus, an intact Xenopus male shows a number of distinct clasp patterns which serve to keep it attached to the female. A light "maintenance" clasp, keeps the male in the clasp position when the clasping pair are immobile. Elaborate "emergency'' patterns prevent the male from being dislodged if either the female's swimming movements or external forces tend to dislodge the male. The neural mechanisms controlling these male clasp patterns have been investigated by subjecting the CNS to a series of transections. Groups of male and female frogs were transected at specific levels in the CNS and then subjected to stimuli which resemble those normally eliciting clasp patterns in the intact male during amplexus. It was found that males transected in the posterior medulla, mid-brain and fore-brain could not be stimulated to display clasping behaviour. However males transected in the anterior medulla could be stimulated to display reflex activity which appeared to be identical to the clasp patterns of intact males in amplexus. Xenopus females, transected in the anterior medulla, could also be stimulated to display the basic male clasp patterns. Quantitative measurements of recordings of the clasp patterns of transected males suggest that control mechanisms are situated in the medulla which "store" the complete emergency and maintenance patterns. These control mechanisms are only fired off by specific stimuli. The effects of variation in the level of sex hormones on the functioning of the clasp control mechanisms have been tested. For this purpose, sexually active males and females, (injected with chorionic gonadotropin) and sexually inactive males and females (untreated and gonadectomised) were transected and their behaviour patterns compared. Variation in the level of sex hormones was found to have no effect on the behaviour of either transected males or females. The results of this investigation suggest that, during amplexus, the clasping behaviour of the male is controlled by a "self-regulating unit" situated in the medulla and spine. When the male is in amplexus this unit can function independently of the mid- and forebrain. This conclusion is contrary to the hypothesis put forward by RUSSELL (1954) on the functioning of the clasp control mechanism in Xenopus.

Differential orderliness of the GH release process in castrate male and female rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (2) ◽  
pp. R437-R444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelien Gevers ◽  
Steve M. Pincus ◽  
Iain C. A. F. Robinson ◽  
Johannes D. Veldhuis
Keyword(s):  
Gnrh Agonist ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Impact

Male- and female-specific modes of episodic growth hormone (GH) release are presumptively imposed by sex steroid hormones, and, although typically evident visually, are vividly distinguished quantitatively via a regularity statistic, approximate entropy (ApEn), in both the rat and human. GH secretory patterns may determine GH-stimulated growth and specific hepatic and muscle gene expression in the rat. Consequently, it is important to discern mechanisms that underlie their regulation. Here we have examined the impact of prepubertal gonadal suppression (at 4 wk of age) via surgical or pharmacological [gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist] intervention on the regularity (ApEn) of GH release in male and female rats (at 10–11 wk of age) sampled at 10-min intervals for 10 h ( n = 60 points) during a lights-out (dark) period. We observed a graded hierarchy of mean disorderliness of GH release that was quantifiable by ApEn measures, with maximal to minimal disorderliness in the following rank order: intact female, GnRH agonist-treated female, ovariectomized female, orchidectomized male, GnRH agonist-treated male, and intact male. These observations suggest a continuum of sex steroid actions on the regularity of GH secretion and, by inference, on the interplay among GH-releasing hormone, somatostatin, and GH/insulin-like growth factor I negative feedback.

GENETIC VARIATION IN ADRENAL STRUCTURE: STRAIN DIFFERENCES IN QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS

1968 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. M. SHIRE ◽  
S. G. SPICKETT
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Number Of Cells

SUMMARY Five quantitative parameters of adrenal structure have been measured for the adrenal glands of young adult mice of three inbred strains. Male and female A/Cam, CBA/FaCam and SF/Cam mice were compared in a first experiment and A and CBA males in a second. The findings in the two experiments were similar. Significant strain differences, sex differences, and strain differences in sex difference, were found for the volume of the permanent cortex, and for the number of cells in it. There were strain differences in the volume of the cells of the zona fasciculata, and striking strain differences in the absolute and relative volume of the X-zone in female mice. Significant strain differences were also found in the volume of the medulla in males and females. The findings are discussed in relation to the observed differences between the strains in adrenal weight, and in relation to the regulation of the size of the several zones of the cortex.

1,2-3H-TESTOSTERONE: DISTRIBUTION AND UPTAKE IN NEURAL AND GENITAL TISSUES OF INTACT MALE, CASTRATE MALE AND FEMALE RATS

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Roy ◽  
K. R. Laumas
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

ABSTRACT This report deals with a comparative study of the uptake of radioactivity in the genital, neural and other tissues of intact male, castrate male and female rats after constant infusion of radiochemically pure 1,2-3H-testosterone. Castration has been found to have a marked effect in enhancing the uptake of radioactivity in the different tissues particularly liver and kidney which have a metabolic and excretory role. Prostate and seminal vesicles, on the other hand, did not show any difference in uptake in intact and castrate rats. The uptake of testosterone and its metabolites in the prostate of intact animals was 3.46 × 10−9 m. In experiments on subcellular localization of radioactivity after constant infusion of 1,2-3H-testosterone, it was found that prostate and seminal vesicle had heavy localisation in the nuclear and 105 000 × g soluble fraction while the major localisation of radioactivity in the case of nontarget tissues like liver, intestine, muscle etc. was in the soluble fraction. Castration caused a higher uptake of radioactivity in the anterior pituitary gland, anterior and middle hypothalamus also, which could be explained on the basis of the negative feedback of the hormone. An interesting feature of the uptake of testosterone and its metabolites in the female rat was the high uptake in the anterior pituitary gland, and the various parts of the hypothalamus. These findings are discussed in light of information available on the action and feedback of sex hormones.

GONADOTROPHIN PATTERNS IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS:

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Boyd ◽  
Donald C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Prostate Weight ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Normal Males

ABSTRACT The effects of various doses of testosterone propionate (TP) upon the release of luteinizing hormone (LH or ICSH) from the hypophysis of a gonadectomized male or female rat were compared. Prostate weight in hypophysectomized male parabiotic partners was used to evaluate the quantity of circulating LH. Hypophyseal LH was measured by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion method. Males castrated when 45 days old secreted significantly more LH and had three times the amount of pituitary LH as ovariectomized females. Administration of 25 μg TP daily reduced the amount of LH in the plasma, and increased the amount in the pituitary gland, in both sexes. Treatment with 50 μg caused a further reduction in plasma LH in males, but not in females, while pituitary levels in both were equal to that of their respective controls. LH fell to the same low level in partners of males or females receiving 100 μg TP. When gonadectomized at 39 days, males and females had the same amount of plasma LH, but males had more stored hormone. Pituitary levels were unchanged from controls following treatment with 12.5, 25 or 50 μg TP daily, but plasma values dropped an equal amount in both sexes with the latter two doses. Androgenized males or females, gonadectomized when 39 days old, were very sensitive to the effects of TP and plasma LH was significantly reduced with 12.5 μg daily. Pituitary LH in androgenized males was higher than that of normal males but was reduced to normal by small amounts of TP. The amount of stored LH in androgenized females was not different from that of normal females and it was unchanged by any dose of TP tested. Results are consistent with the conclusion that the male hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis is at least as sensitive as the female axis to the negative feedback effects of TP. Androgenization increases the sensitivity to TP in both males and females.

Gender Differences in Clothing Worn in Current Popular Comic Books

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Landon Jossy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Comic Books ◽  
Book Industry ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

This study looked at how males and females were portrayed, based on the amount of skin shown in the clothing worn.  A Content analysis was performed on a sample of 20 randomly selected popular comics from the last 3 years.  Both male and female characters were rated on how much skin they showed in three clothing categories; neck line, sleeve length, and lower body.  Results showed that in all 3 categories, women consistently wore more revealing clothing.  The findings demonstraetd that the comic book industry is comparable to other forms of media, in the sexualization of female characters, by having them wear more revealing clothing.

scholarly journals Spinal Muscular Atrophy after Nusinersen Therapy: Improved Physiology in Pediatric Patients with No Significant Change in Urine, Serum, and Liquor 1H-NMR Metabolomes in Comparison to an Age-Matched, Healthy Cohort

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Leon Deutsch ◽  
Damjan Osredkar ◽  
Janez Plavec ◽  
Blaž Stres
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Spinal Muscular Atrophy ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Healthy Cohort ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Urine Serum

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetically heterogeneous group of rare neuromuscular diseases and was until recently the most common genetic cause of death in children. The effects of 2-month nusinersen therapy on urine, serum, and liquor 1H-NMR metabolomes in SMA males and females were not explored yet, especially not in comparison to the urine 1H-NMR metabolomes of matching male and female cohorts. In this prospective, single-centered study, urine, serum, and liquor samples were collected from 25 male and female pediatric patients with SMA before and after 2 months of nusinersen therapy and urine samples from a matching healthy cohort (n = 125). Nusinersen intrathecal application was the first therapy for the treatment of SMA by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Metabolomes were analyzed using targeted metabolomics utilizing 600 MHz 1H-NMR, parametric and nonparametric multivariate statistical analyses, machine learning, and modeling. Medical assessment before and after nusinersen therapy showed significant improvements of movement, posture, and strength according to various medical tests. No significant differences were found in metabolomes before and after nusinersen therapy in urine, serum, and liquor samples using an ensemble of statistical and machine learning approaches. In comparison to a healthy cohort, 1H-NMR metabolomes of SMA patients contained a reduced number and concentration of urine metabolites and differed significantly between males and females as well. Significantly larger data scatter was observed for SMA patients in comparison to matched healthy controls. Machine learning confirmed urinary creatinine as the most significant, distinguishing SMA patients from the healthy cohort. The positive effects of nusinersen therapy clearly preceded or took place devoid of significant rearrangements in the 1H-NMR metabolomic makeup of serum, urine, and liquor. Urine creatinine was successful at distinguishing SMA patients from the matched healthy cohort, which is a simple systemic novelty linking creatinine and SMA to the physiology of inactivity and diabetes, and it facilitates the monitoring of SMA disease in pediatric patients through non-invasive urine collection.

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