scholarly journals Effect of Priming and Seed Size on Germination and Emergence of Six Food-Type Soybean Varieties

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maru K. Kering ◽  
Bo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Seed Pretreatment ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
High Reduction

Soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.), a good source of protein and oil, is used to produce nutritious isoflavone-rich soybean-based foods. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the germination difference among soybean seeds in various seed sizes and (ii) to evaluate effects of seed pretreatment on germination and seedling emergence. Six varieties of different seed size class were used: (i) small size (MFS-561 and V08-4773), (ii) medium size (Glen and V03-47050), and (iii) large size (MFL-159 and V07-1897). Pregermination treatments include 0, 5, or 10 hours soaking and germinating/planting with or without nitrogen fertilizer. Large seed size varieties showed low germination rate and N addition caused the least reduction in germination in these seeds during the first 24 hours. While N had no effect on seed germination after 72 hours, growth in N treated seed was low. Seedling emergence was comparable across varieties in 2013 and water priming and N application had no effect. However, while varieties did not differ in final emergence for nonprimed seeds in 2014, water priming led to a high reduction in seedling emergence of large seed varieties in this study. Application of N fertilizer had no effect on seedling emergence in field experiments.

scholarly journals Does seed size affect the germination rate and seedling growth of peanut under salinity and water stress?

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Steiner ◽  
Alan Mario Zuffo ◽  
Aécio Busch ◽  
Tiago de Oliveira Sousa ◽  
Tiago Zoz
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Important Indicator

ABSTRACT Seed size is an important indicator of physiological quality, since it may affect seed germination and seedling growth, especially under stress conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of seed size on germination and initial seedling growth, under salinity and water stress conditions. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme: three seed size classes (small, medium and large) and three stress treatments (control, saline or water stress), with four replicates. Water and salt stresses do not reduce the germination rate of medium and large seeds; however, the germination rate of small seeds is reduced under salt stress conditions. Drought stress drastically reduces the shoot growth of seedlings regardless of seed size, whereas root growth is higher in seedlings from medium and large seeds under water stress conditions. Under non-stressful environments, the use of large seeds is preferable, resulting in more vigorous seedlings with a greater dry matter accumulation. Medium-size seeds are more adapted to adverse environmental conditions and, therefore, should be used under conditions of water shortage and salt excess in the soil at sowing time. Seedlings are more tolerant to salinity than to water stress during the germination stage and initial growth under laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals Regression Analyses for Evaluating the Influence of Bacillus cereus on Alfalfa Yield Under Variable Disease Intensity

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R. Kazmar ◽  
Robert M. Goodman ◽  
Craig R. Grau ◽  
David W. Johnson ◽  
Erik V. Nordheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Control Response ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
Yield Gain

We developed and tested regression methods to exploit the variability in disease inherent in field experiments, and applied the methods to evaluate strains of Bacillus cereus for biocontrol efficacy. Four B. cereus strains were tested for their effect on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) performance in 16 field trials planted during 1993 to 1996 at multiple sites in Wisconsin. To evaluate performance of the strains, we used the ratio of (metalaxyl response)/(untreated control response) as a measure of disease intensity within the experiments. The ratio of (Bacillus response)/(untreated control response) was then regressed as a function of disease intensity. The slope of the resulting line provides a statistical test to compare performance of the Bacillus strain with that of the untreated seed (Ho: slope = 0) and metalaxyl controls (Ho: slope = 1). Under conditions in which disease occurred, forage yield of plots planted with seed treated with B. cereus strain AS4–12 exceeded yield from the untreated control plots (P = 0.002) and was similar to yield of plots planted with metalaxyl-treated seed (P = 0.14). Yield gain associated with AS4–12 and metalaxyl seed treatment averaged 6.1 ± 2.8% (±standard error) and 3.0 ± 2.8%, respectively. In contrast to the regression approach, means analysis by analysis of variance did not detect differences among treatments. Three other B. cereus strains either did not increase alfalfa yield or increased yield less than did AS4–12. Metalaxyl and three of the Bacillus strains increased seedling emergence, but the improved stands were not predictive of increased forage yield. In six additional studies conducted for one season in 1997, AS4–12 enhanced yield of two cultivars at diverse locations in Wisconsin, but there was an apparent cultivar-location interaction. A strong correlation between response to AS4–12 and metalaxyl treatment suggests that these treatments controlled similar pathogens, most likely the oomycete pathogens Phytophthora medicaginis and Pythium spp.

Effect of seed size on seedling vigor and forage production of winter wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Bockus ◽  
J. P. Shroyer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Small Seed

There are numerous reports of increased wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yields with large seed compared with small, but these do not relate to use of wheat for grazing purposes. Field experiments were conducted over 3 yr to measure the effect of seed size on stands, percentage ground cover, and fall and spring forage production. Other variables included sowing plots by seed number or volume per unit area. When sown at the same number of seed per square metre (220), large (> 0.24-cm diameter) seed resulted in 16–74% more plants per area than small (< 0.20-cm) diameter seed. When sown by volume (8.7 mL m−2), stands from small seed were similar to or more dense than those from large seed. When sown by seed number, large seed increased fall ground cover by 58–100% over small seed; however, even when sown by volume, large seed increased ground cover by 13–26%. Similarly, when seeded on an equal-number basis, large seed increased fall and spring forage 23–214% over that produced by small seed. Although sowing on an equal-volume basis resulted in fewer significant differences among seed sizes, large seed produced 35% more fall forage one year and 44% more spring forage another year. Therefore, sowing large seed should help reduce soil erosion by producing plants with greater ground cover. Similarly, large seed should increase the amount of forage for producers who sow winter wheat early as a prelude to grazing livestock. Key words:Triticum aestivum, forage, seed size, soil erosion control, seedling vigor

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SEED SIZE AND CULTIVAR ON EMERGENCE OF BROCCOLI IN CRUSTED SOIL

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 478a-478
Author(s):  
Douglas W. Heather ◽  
Joseph B. Sieczka
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Crusting ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Horticultural Research

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to determine the effect of seed size and cultivar on seedling emergence through crusted soil for several hybrid broccoli cultivars (Brassica oleracea ssp. italica). Seed was separated into four sizes (2.0, 1.8, 1.6 and 1.4 mm diameter) for the greenhouse investigations and soil crusting was achieved with a chemical resin. In 1989, field experiments using three seed sizes (small=1.4-1.6, medium=1.7-1.9 and large=2.0-2.2 mm diameter) were planted at the Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory in a Riverhead sandy loam which crusted readily after rainfall. Seedling emergence data from both greenhouse and field studies indicate that both seed size and cultivar significantly affect stand establishment. Seedling stand, dry weight and final yield significantly increased as seed size increased for both cultivars in the field experiments. The emergence of `Mariner' was generally found to be significantly greater than that of `Greenlady' for each seed size. Emergence was also influenced by seed weight.

scholarly journals Planting Depth and Seed Size Affect Edamame Emergence Individually

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Crawford ◽  
Martin M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Seed Characteristics

Edamame growers currently rely heavily on planting depth recommendations for grain-type soybean, despite stark differences in seed characteristics between the two types of cultivars, most notably seed size. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the effects of planting depth and seed size on edamame emergence. A popular edamame cultivar used in commercial production was sorted into “small” (23.7 g/100-seed) and “large” (36.8 g/100-seed) seed-size classes, then planted at depths of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 cm in field experiments. Experiments were conducted in four environments as a split-plot experimental design with four replications. Seed size did not influence total emergence; however, small seed emerged 10% faster than large seed. Although planting depth recommendations for grain-type soybean are 3.2 to 4.5 cm, our results showed edamame emerged more completely and quicker at the shallowest depths examined. The research could be expanded to capture greater diversity in growing environments and crop cultivars; however, the vegetable industry now has research-based information to guide preliminary recommendations regarding appropriate planting depth of edamame.

scholarly journals Effect of Seed Size and Cultivar on Emergence and Stand Establishment of Broccoli in Crusted Soil

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 946-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Heather ◽  
J.B. Sieczka
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Soil Crusting ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Better Than

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to determine the effect of seed size and cultivar on seedling emergence through crusted soil for several hybrid broccoli cultivars (Brassica oleracea ssp. italica). Seed was separated into four sizes (2.0, 1.8, 1.6, and 1.4 mm in diameter) for the greenhouse investigations, and soil crusting was achieved using a crusting resin. In 1989, field experiments using three seed sizes (small = 1.4 to 1.6 mm, medium = 1.7 to 1.9 mm, and large = 2.0 to 2.2 mm in diameter) were planted at the Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory in a Riverhead sandy loam that crusted readily following rainfall. Seedling emergence data from the greenhouse and field studies indicate that seed size and cultivar significantly affect emergence and stand establishment. Seedling stand, dry weight, and final yield significantly increased as seed size increased for both cultivars in the field experiments. The emergence of `Mariner' generally was significantly better than that of `Greenlady' for each seed size. Seed of `Greenlady' also weighed significantly less than that of `Mariner' within each seed size tested.

Germination ofSorghum almumSeeds and Longevity in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 796-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte V. Eberlein
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Sorghum-almum (Sorghum almumParod. # SORAL) is a weakly perennial, rhizomatous grass that in northern climates reproduces mainly by seeds. Environmental factors influencing seed germination and the longevity of buried seeds were studied in growth chamber and field experiments. Alternating temperatures of 20 C for 16 h and 30 C for 8 h were optimum for germination. Light was not critical to germination. Germination varied only slightly across a pH range from 5.0 to 8.8 but decreased sharply below pH 5. Osmotic potentials greater than −0.9 MPa reduced germination substantially, and no germination occurred at −1.5 MPa. Limited germination occurred at NaCl concentrations of 340 mM, and no germination occurred at 510 mM. Seeds that were either mechanically scarified or afterripened for 6 months had a higher percent germination and germination rate than untreated seeds. Sorghum-almum seedling emergence was 11% from seeding depths of 20 cm, but emergence was 67% or higher from seeding depths of 15 cm or less. In field studies, viability of seeds placed on the soil surface or buried 3 or 8 cm was 2% or less at 12 months and 0% at 18 months after burial. Viability of seeds buried 15 and 23 cm was 0.3 and 26%, respectively, at 24 months after burial. Thus, tillage that buried sorghum-almum seeds 20 cm or more could reduce emergence but would also prolong seed persistence. Shallow tillage should favor depletion of sorghum-almum seed reserves.

Brassica cover cropping: I. Effects on weed and crop establishment

Weed Science ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 695-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin R. Haramoto ◽  
Eric R. Gallandt
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Related Field ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Short Season ◽  
Density And Biomass

The Brassicaceae contain glucosinolates, which hydrolyze to form compounds toxic to plants, fungi, nematodes, and certain insects. Lower weed density and biomass in crops grown following incorporation of brassica cover crops suggest that they may contribute to weed management in agricultural systems. Field experiments were conducted to determine whether incorporated brassica cover crops, including canola, rapeseed, and yellow mustard, reduce subsequent weed and crop establishment; a companion paper describes separate but related field experiments that examined the influence of brassica cover crops on plant growth. Emergence rate and total emergence of sixteen weed and crop bioassay species were measured following brassica cover crops, fallow, or incorporated residues of other short-season cover crops including oat, crimson clover, and buckwheat. The bioassay species, representing a range of seed sizes, were chosen to determine whether larger seed size confers protection from residue-mediated effects on emergence. Averaged over bioassay species, brassica cover crops reduced emergence by 23 to 34% compared with fallow; emergence following brassicas was delayed by approximately 2 d. The effects of the incorporated brassica residues were similar to those of the other short-season cover crops, which reduced emergence of the bioassay species by 19 to 39% and delayed emergence by 2 d. Seed size was a poor predictor of a species' establishment. These results suggest that brassica residues are capable of delaying seedling emergence and reducing establishment, although the magnitude of their effects were comparable to other widely available cover crops.

Genetic and Seed Treatment Effects in Organic Peanut

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.G. Cantonwine ◽  
C.C. Holbrook ◽  
A.K. Culbreath ◽  
R.S. Tubbs ◽  
M.A. Boudreau
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
Low Incidence

ABSTRACT Stand establishment has been a challenge for organic peanut production in the Southeastern United States. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2009 in research plots certified for organic production to evaluate the potential of genotype selection, shelling procedure, and seed treatment with Bacillus subtilis to improve stand establishment and seedling emergence rates, reduce incidence of Aspergillus crown rot, and increase seedling biomass. Seed of 15 peanut genotypes were mechanically shelled or hand-shelled, and treated with B. subtilis or untreated prior to planting in early June. Percent stand was estimated for each plot 17–21 days after planting (DAP), and percent seedlings affected by Aspergillus crown rot and plant biomass were estimated 21–24 DAP. Seed treatment significantly affected stand establishment for three genotypes each year, Georgia-01R both years, C-99R and Tifguard in 2007, and C34-24-69 and C724-19-25 in 2009. In all of these cases, the hand-shelled plots had significantly greater stands than the mechanically shelled plots for untreated and/or B. subtilis treated seed. B. subtilis treatment improved stands for two of the mechanically shelled treatments that significantly responded to hand shelling. Despite low incidence, there was a significant reduction of crown rot in the hand-shelled plots compared to the mechanically shelled plots across years and genotypes. The cultivar Georganic, which has been planted to organic peanut systems in Georgia in recent years, was among the genotypes with the lowest seedling establishment rates and biomass. Based on these results, it is recommended that sorting thresholds for damaged seed be higher for seed destined for organic production, and that breeding efforts that include assessments of factors involved in seedling establishment and growth be prioritized.

Effects of seed hydration on agronomic performance of wheat, barley and oats in central Alberta

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Kibite ◽  
K. N. Harker
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Seed Pretreatment ◽  
Moisture Conditions

A method of seed pretreatment called "seed hydration" has been proposed as a means of enhancing the ability of seed to germinate at suboptimal moisture conditions. A study was carried out to determine the effects of seed hydration on days to seedling emergence, days to anthesis, days to mature, grain yield and other agronomic characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) in central Alberta. Results from three field experiments carried out in 1986 and 1987 revealed that seed hydration had no effect on crops sown in moist soils, but on crops sown in dry soils, it increased the uniformity of seedling emergence and shortened (by about 1 or 2 d) the number of days to 50% seedling emergence. However, this 1–2 d advantage in seedling emergence did not affect grain yield or any of the other characteristics investigated. Key words: Oat, barley, wheat seed hydration, maturity, test weight

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