scholarly journals Analysis of Individual Variations in Autonomic Responses to Urban and Forest Environments

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromitsu Kobayashi ◽  
Chorong Song ◽  
Harumi Ikei ◽  
Takahide Kagawa ◽  
Yoshifumi Miyazaki
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Autonomic Activity ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Autonomic Responses ◽  
Conventional Analysis ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Male Subjects

Autonomic responses to urban and forest environments were studied in 625 young male subjects. The experimental sites were 57 forests and 57 urban areas across Japan. The subjects viewed the landscape (forest or urban environment) for a period of 15 min while sitting on a chair. During this period, heart rate variability (HRV) was monitored continuously. The results were presented as histograms and analyzed with special reference to individual variations. Approximately 80% of the subjects showed an increase in the parasympathetic indicator of HRV (lnHF), whereas the remaining subjects showed a decrease in the parasympathetic activity. Similarly, 64.0% of the subjects exhibited decreases in the sympathetic indicator of HRV (ln[LF/HF]), whereas the remaining subjects showed opposite responses. Analysis of the distribution of HRV indices (lnHF and ln[LF/HF]) demonstrated the effect of forest environments on autonomic activity more specifically than the conventional analysis based on the difference in mean values.

Comparison of Sweat Rate Measured by a Pouch Collector and a Hygrometric Technique During Exercise

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Boisvert ◽  
Anne-Virginie Desruelle ◽  
Victor Candas
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Local Sweat Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Male Subjects

Measurements of local sweat rate (back) determined with a closed-pouch collector made of polyethylene (110 cm2) were compared with those obtained from a ventilated capsule using an infrared photometric hygrometer technique. Eight young male subjects underwent three exercise sessions each for 60 min at 45% [Formula: see text] on a cycle ergometer at an ambient temperature of 35 °C and 35% relative humidity. When the onset and transient sweating periods (0-20 min) are excluded from calculations, the difference between the mean values obtained by the collector and the sweat capsule during the 20-60 time period is only 0.06 ± 0.04 mg • cm−2 • min−1 (5%). Although a significant correlation (r = .74, p < .05) was obtained between methods, individual differences in sweat-rate measurements varied on average ±0.22 mg • cm−2 • min−1 (±19%). Designed more specifically for sweat-content analysis, the pouch collector may serve as a satisfactory field method to approximate the local sweat rate and excretion induced by prolonged exercise in a hot environment. Key words: sweating assessment, methodology, thermoregulation, skin temperature

Effect of smoking on cardiovascular autonomic functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3780-3784
Author(s):  
P.Vani ◽  
◽  
Sharan B Singh M ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
T Test ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is a prime risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic smoking results in autonomic dysfunction leading to increased cardiovascular risk in smokers. The present study was planned to study the effect of smoking on the Cardiovascular Autonomic Functions among smokers. Materials and Methods: Fifty male subjects who were in the age group of 25 to 45 years. They were grouped into 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers. The participant subjects were selected among the staff members, residents and the patients from the routine OPD in SVIMS. Prior to study, they were informed about the procedure and the purpose of the study tests and written consents were obtained from them. The Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Tests were assessed by using a POLYGRAPH which was available in the department. Results and Conclusion: After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the BMI(i.e.p<0.01) and the para-sympathetic function tests among the smokers and the non – smokers(i.e.p<0.00). The Resting Heart Rate had significantly increased and the Deep breathing difference, the postural tachycardial index (Response to standing) and the Valsalva Ratio had significantly decreased in the smokers as compared to those in the non – smokers. After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the mean values of the Postural hypotension test (i.e. p>0.05) and that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the Sustained handgrip test in the smokers and the non – smokers (i.e. p<0.00). KEY WORDS: Cardiovascular autonomic function tests, Smoking, Resting heart rate.

Heart rate performance curve during incremental cycle ergometer exercise in healthy young male subjects

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 762-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER HOFMANN ◽  
ROCHUS POKAN ◽  
SERGE P. VON DUVILLARD ◽  
&NA; J. SEIBERT ◽  
ROBERT ZWEIKER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Performance Curve ◽  
Rate Performance ◽  
Cycle Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Male Subjects

Effects of hypercapnia, hypoxia, and rebreathing on heart rate response during apnea

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. C. Lin ◽  
K. K. Shida ◽  
S. K. Hong
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Heart Rate Response ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Face Immersion ◽  
The Face ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Male Subjects

Five series of breath-hold (BH) experiments were conducted on eight male subjects with the purpose of partitioning the effects of apnea per se, hypercapnia, and hypoxia on the development and maintenance of BH bradycardia. All BH were 90 s in duration and were achieved by face immersion at room temperature. Of the five series of BH, one was a continuous BH and the remaining included rebreathing at 15-s intervals while the face remained immersed. Comparison of heart rate (HR) responses between the continuous BH with air and that interrupted every 15 s by rebreathing without improving the alveolar gas composition yields the attenuating effect of respiratory activity. The hypercapnic effect was calculated from the difference in HR responses between two series of BH with O2, in which hypoxia was not present and rebreathing was common to both; in one rebreathing was through a CO2 scrubber thus creating different alveolar CO2 levels in the two series. The effect of hypoxia was deduced by finding the difference between the total bradycardial response (continuous BH) and the summed effects of hypercapnia and apnea per se. By this procedure, it was found that apnea and hypoxia reduced the HR by 19 and 18%, respectively, from the pre-BH value, and hypercapnia increased HR by 6% from the pre-BH level, thus accounting for the total 31% reduction in HR in a continuous BH.

scholarly journals Comparison of Gut Microbiota between Sasang Constitutions

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bong-Soo Kim ◽  
Hyo Sang Bae ◽  
Chi-yeon Lim ◽  
Mi Jeong Kim ◽  
Jae-gu Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Plot Analysis ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Constitutional Medicine ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Male Subjects

The Sasang constitutional medicine has long been applied to diagnose and treat patients with various diseases. Studies have been conducted for establishment of scientific evidence supporting Sasang Constitutional (SC) diagnosis. Recent human microbiome studies have demonstrated individual variations of gut microbiota which can be dependent on lifestyle and health conditions. We hypothesized that gut microbial similarities and discrepancies may exist across SC types. We compared the difference of gut microbiota among three constitutions (So-Yang, So-Eum, and Tae-Eum), along with the investigation of anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were predominant phyla in all SC types. The median plot analysis suggested that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes appeared more abundant in SE and TE, respectively, in the male subjects of 20–29 years old. At the genus level,BifidobacteriumandBacteroidesmanifested the difference between SE and TE types. For anthropometry, body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference of the TE type were significantly higher than those of the other types. Overall, findings indicated a possible link between SC types and gut microbiota within a narrow age range. Further investigations are deemed necessary to elucidate the influences of age, gender, and other factors in the context of SC types and gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Comparison of Autonomic Function using Valsalva Ratio, Heart Rate, and Blood Pressure in Meditators and Nonmeditators

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
Roopam Bassi ◽  
Kiran   ◽  
Kawalinder Girgla
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
Valsalva Maneuver ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Introduction In recent years, the various health benefits of meditation have been acknowledged by the scientific community as well as by the public. Apart from its physiological benefits, it can also improve the psychological and spiritual well-being. A case–control study was planned to investigate the effect of Rajyoga Meditation on cardiovascular autonomic activity in meditators and nonmeditators. Materials and methods The study was conducted on 100 subjects, randomized into two groups: meditators (n = 50; age 35.80 ± 7.69 years) and nonmeditators (n = 50; age 36.76 ± 6.38 years). The meditator group practiced meditation for 30 minutes in the morning as well as in the evening. The control group did not practice any type of meditation or relaxation techniques. The cardiovascular parameters – heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and Valsalva maneuver tests – were performed in both the groups in the same environmental conditions. The data were compiled and analyzed using unpaired t test. Results The mean values of HR in meditators and the control group were 77.08 ± 5.39 and 80.68 ± 5.71 respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The mean values of SBP in meditators and nonmeditators were 124.60 ± 5.39 and 129.56 ± 4.30 mm Hg respectively, while those for DBP were 77.84 ± 4.65 and 80.80 ± 4.78 mm Hg respectively. The difference in both was statistically significant. In meditators, Valsalva ratio was 1.60 ± 0.20, while in nonmeditators, it was 1.33 ± 0.13, and the difference was highly significant. Conclusion Significant improvement is seen in physiological, cardiac, and parasympathetic parameters in Rajyoga meditators. A shift of the autonomic balance toward the parasympathetic side is seen. By purposefully energizing the parasympathetic system by meditation, we can combat the ill effects of stress and help heal many health conditions. How to cite this article Kiran, Thaman RG, Bassi R, Girgla K. Comparison of Autonomic Function using Valsalva Ratio, Heart Rate, and Blood Pressure in Meditators and Nonmeditators. Curr Trends Diagn Treat 2017;1(1):6-9.

scholarly journals Metadiscursive Markers and Text Genre: A Metareview

Publications ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Miguel Cuevas-Alonso ◽  
Carla Míguez-Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Text Genre ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Academic Genres ◽  
Object Of Study

Given the interest in the study of metadiscourse as the communication of ideas and the way people use language in different communicative situations, this paper attempted to find the degree of confluence between metadiscourse markers from different studies and to show how patterns of metadiscourse analysis based on various written genres can be applied to a wider range. The mean values for the frequency of marker use and their respective deviations were determined by comparing a significant number of studies on metadiscourse elements. To ensure comparability, those following Hyland’s model were chosen. The units of analysis were grouped into two broad categories based on discursive characteristics: Academic genres (research articles, theses, and textbooks) and non-academic genres, which included documents ranging from newspaper editorials or opinion columns to Internet texts and other forms of digital communication. The results of our study highlight that the disparity in interactive markers between academic and non-academic texts is relatively small. This difference has been identified by previous studies, and it is confirmed herein that the difference may be related to the use of academic language, the topic, or the object of study. In contrast, the mean values of the interactive markers in non-academic texts are considerably higher than those in academic texts. At the same time, the texts seem to be organised along two axes (interactional and interactive) in distinct areas. Despite our initial assumptions that the data would be subject to individual variations, that differences would be found between different sections of the same genre within the same academic discipline, and that the results would vary if certain texts were added or excluded, we observed certain trends in the behaviour of the documents, although it prevailed that, within each category, the texts should be studied individually.

Inter- and intra-individual variations in the saliva/blood alcohol ratio during ethanol metabolism in man.

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1394-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A W Jones
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Ethanol Metabolism ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Male Subjects

Abstract The inter- and intra-individual components of variation in the saliva/blood alcohol ratio have been calculated from experiments with 48 male subjects after they drank 0.72 g of ethanol per kilogram of body weight as neat whisky after a short fast. Saliva and blood ethanol profiles were monitored at 30--60 min intervals for up to 7 h after intake. The analytical component of variation inherent in an estimate of the saliva/blood alcohol ratio, expressed as coefficient of variation, was 1.75%. I calculated saliva/blood ethanol ratios for each subject at each sampling time by taking the antilogarithm of the difference (log saliva alcohol--log blood alcohol). The mean ratio between 60 and 360 min after drinking was 1.077 (n = 336) with 95% confidence limits of 1.065 and 1.088. Moreover, the individual ratios showed no systematic variation throughout the absorption, distribution, and elimination phases of ethanol metabolism. Using a two-way analysis of variance and allowing for analytical sources of variation, I determined that the inter- and intra-subject variance components were 53 and 47% of the total biological variation. The saliva/blood alcohol ratio during ethanol metabolism, determined once in a single individual, had a biologically derived coefficient of variation of 10%.

Bicycle Crank Length

1976 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 415-421
Author(s):  
V. John Gross ◽  
Corwin A. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Crank Length

An experiment was conducted varying bicycle crank length as a ratio of cyclist's crotch height over a range from 0.17 to 0.23. A light and a heavy load were used with ten young male subjects. Heart rate, oxygen consumption and perceived exertion measures were taken during bicycle ergometer pedaling sessions. All measures showed the superiority of a crank length of about 0.20 of crotch height (0.10 of standing height). A change of crank length of three percentage points of crotch height increases energy expenditure by one kcal/minute. The standard crank is too long for 60% of adult males and almost 100% of females. Varied crank lengths or adjustable cranks should be made available.

Effects of Propranolol on Several Physiological Responses During Orthostatic and Exercise Stress in Healthy Male Subjects

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 867-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Maksud ◽  
Felix E. Tristani ◽  
Kenneth D. Coutts ◽  
Joseph J. Barboriak ◽  
Lyle H. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Propranolol Treatment ◽  
Propranolol Administration ◽  
Exercise Endurance ◽  
Male Subjects

The effects of propranolol administration on several responses to orthostatic and exercise stress were examined in 16 healthy young men. Propranolol treatment resulted in a significantly lower heart rate response to orthostatic stress, while systolic and diastolic blood pressures were unaffected by the drug. Propranolol treatment resulted in a significant reduction in heart rate and minute ventilation during bicycle exercise. However, oxygen consumption and mean exercise endurance times were not significantly altered following propranolol treatment. The findings suggest that in healthy young male subjects the cardiac depressant effects of propranolol are compensated for, so that the oxygen uptake and work capacity are not seriously compromised.

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