scholarly journals A Pharmacokinetic Study of Antimalarial 3,5-Diaryl-2-aminopyridine Derivatives

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ntokozo Dambuza ◽  
Peter Smith ◽  
Alicia Evans ◽  
Dale Taylor ◽  
Kelly Chibale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Region ◽  
Peak Plasma Level ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Derivatives Of

Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for approximately 80% of the incidence and 90% of deaths which occur in the World Health Organization (WHO) African region, with children and pregnant women having the highest incidence. P. falciparum has developed resistance, and therefore new effective candidate antimalarial drugs need to be developed. Previous studies identified 3,5-diaryl-2-aminopyridines as potential antimalarial drug candidates; therefore, derivatives of these compounds were synthesized in order to improve their desired properties and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of the derivatives were investigated in a mouse model which was dosed orally and intravenously. Collected blood samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). The mean peak plasma level of 1.9 μM was obtained at 1 hour for compound 1 and 3.3 μM at 0.5 hours for compound 2. A decline in concentration was observed with a half-life of 2.53 and 0.87 hours for compound 1 in mice dosed orally and intravenously, respectively. For compound 2 a half-life of 2.96 and 0.68 hours was recorded. The bioavailability was 69% and 59.7% for compound 1 and compound 2, respectively.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage for Routine Vaccines and Herd Immunity Levels against Measles and Pertussis in the World in 2019

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Pedro Plans-Rubió
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The World ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Vaccine Action Plan with the objective to promote essential vaccinations in all countries and achieve at least 90% vaccination coverage for all routine vaccines by 2020. The study assessed the mean percentages of vaccination coverage in 2019 for 13 routine vaccines, vaccination coverage variation from 2015 to 2019, and herd immunity levels against measles and pertussis in 2019 in countries and regions of WHO. In 2019, the mean percentages of vaccination coverage were lower than 90% for 10 (78.9%) routine vaccines. The mean percentages of vaccination coverage also decreased from 2015 to 2019 for six (46.2%) routine vaccines. The prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced measles immunity in the target measles vaccination population was 88.1%, and the prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced pertussis immunity in the target pertussis vaccination population was 81.1%. Herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro = 18 was established in 63 (32.5%) countries but not established in any region. Herd immunity against pertussis agents was not established in any country and in any region of WHO. National immunization programs must be improved to achieve ≥90% vaccination coverage in all countries and regions. Likewise, it is necessary to achieve ≥95% vaccination coverage with two doses of measles vaccines and three doses of pertussis vaccines in all countries and regions.

scholarly journals The use of vitreous renal chemistries in the discrimination of postmortem fresh water drowning

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239784732199752
Author(s):  
Eni-yimini Solomon Agoro ◽  
Charles German Ikimi ◽  
Tommy Edidiong
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Diacetyl Monoxime ◽  
Water Pond ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Cover Up

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated drowning as the leading cause of unintentional death in the world, with 372,000 deaths reported annually. Not all drowning are unintentional; some could be disguised to cover up an act of heinous criminality. This study was aimed at using some vitreous renal function biochemical parameters as a discriminant of postmortem fresh water drowning. Twelve albino rabbits constituted the sample size as validated by Mead’s formula. The study was divided into three groups; the control, postmortem-drowned and truly drowned as mimicked using an artificial fresh water pond. Vitreous humours were extracted using Coe method. The vitreous renal chemistries were analysed using diacetyl monoxime, Jaffe’s test, uricase and ion-selective electrode (ISE) methods respectively. Result: The mean of vitreous creatinine, urea, uric acid, Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+, glucose and CO2 of the control, postmortem-drowned and truly drowned groups were compared using One-way Anova (post-hoc-LSD) with the aid of SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA; Version 18–21 package. The findings revealed a significant increase in concentrations of vitreous creatinine, glucose, Ca2+ and K+ of the drowned death group, whereas vitreous concentrations of CO2 and urea significantly decreased when compared to the controls and/or postmortem-drowned death. Conclusion: The study has shown that some of the studied vitreous biochemical parameters could be used as an ancillary tool in discriminating death due to fresh water drowning from that of disguised or postmortem-drowned death.

COVID-19 epidemic in The World Health Organization African Region (WHOAR): Situation and forecast

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 1320-1338
Author(s):  
Jose Luis Hernandez Caceres ◽  
Graham Wright ◽  
Berhanu Dibaba Kumma ◽  
Frank Verbeke ◽  
Yury Nechipurenko
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

scholarly journals Spinal surgery complications: an unsolved problem—Is the World Health Organization Safety Surgical Checklist an useful tool to reduce them?

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 927-936
Author(s):  
Giovanni Barbanti-Brodano ◽  
Cristiana Griffoni ◽  
Jarkko Halme ◽  
Giuseppe Tedesco ◽  
Silvia Terzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Surgical Checklist

Abstract Purpose To investigate whether the World Health Organization Safety Surgical Checklist (SSC) is an effective tool to reduce complications in spinal surgery. Methods We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and radiological charts prospectively collected from patients who underwent a spinal surgery procedure from January 2010 to December 2012. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of complications between two periods, from January to December 2010 (without checklist) and from January 2011 and December 2012 (with checklist), in order to assess the checklist’s effectiveness. Results The sample size was 917 patients with an average of 30-month follow-up. The mean age was 52.88 years. The majority of procedures were performed for oncological diseases (54.4%) and degenerative diseases (39.8%). In total, 159 complications were detected (17.3%). The overall incidence of complications for trauma, infectious pathology, oncology, and degenerative disease was 22.2%, 19.2%, 18.4%, and 15.3%, respectively. No correlation was observed between the type of pathology and the complication incidence. We observed a reduction in the overall incidence of complications following the introduction of the SSC: In 2010 without checklist, the incidence of complications was 24.2%, while in 2011 and 2012, following the checklist introduction, the incidence of complications was 16.7% and 11.7%, respectively (mean 14.2%). Conclusions The SSC seems to be an effective tool to reduce complications in spinal surgery. We propose to extend the use of checklist system also to the preoperative and postoperative phases in order to further reduce the incidence of complications. Graphic abstract These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Damascus Drinking Water Using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.H. Bakraji ◽  
J. Karajo
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
World Health ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and chemical preconcentration have been applied for multi-elemental analysis of Damascus drinking water. Water was taken directly from taps of several city sectors and analyzed for the following trace elements: Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Pb. The detection limits were found to be in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 µg/L. The mean levels of trace elements in the Damascus drinking water were below the World Health Organization drinking water quality guidelines.

scholarly journals Ongoing African measles virus genotype outbreak in Tel Aviv district since April, Israel, 2012

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Kopel ◽  
Z Amitai ◽  
M Savion ◽  
Y Aboudy ◽  
E Mendelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
European Region ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

A measles outbreak is affecting the Tel Aviv district, Israel, since April 2012. As of 10 September, 99 cases were confirmed, including 63 (64%) migrants of Eritrean and Sudanese origin. All genotyped cases had the African B3 genotype*. The mean age of migrant and non-migrant cases was 6.0±9.6 and 30.2±24.2 years, respectively (p<0.001). The majority of both migrant and non-migrant cases was unvaccinated. This is the second African measles B3 genotype outbreak within the World Health Organization European region in 2012.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Feelings and Attitudes of Children towards Their Dentist and Their Association with Oral Health

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aslı Patır Münevveroğlu ◽  
Beyza Ballı Akgöl ◽  
Tuğba Erol
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dental Clinic ◽  
Delivery Of Care ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

This study assessed the feelings and attitudes of children toward their dentists and their association with oral health. Methods. A questionnaire designed to evaluate the attitudes of children toward dentists and preferences was completed by 200 children and their families. In addition, the children were examined and the World Health Organization (WHO) method was used to obtain dmft and DMFT scores. Results. The mean dmft and DMFT scores were 3.52±2.44 and 1.35±1.29, respectively. Of the children, 92.5% reported that they had visited a dentist before. Of the children who had visited dentists, approximately 71.5% reported that they enjoyed their visits. Of the children, 84% preferred female dentists, 76.5% preferred dentists that wore a colored coat, and 63% preferred a decorated dental clinic over a plain clinic. The mean dmft and DMFT values of children who were afraid of dentists were significantly higher than those of children who were not (P<0.01 and P<0.05, resp.). Conclusion. Children have strong perceptions and preferences regarding the appearance of their dentists and dental clinics. The results of this study might help dentists to improve their delivery of care.

scholarly journals Prevalence of black tooth stains and dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Gasparetto ◽  
Carlos Alberto Conrado ◽  
Sandra Mara Maciel ◽  
Ernesto Yiokihiro Miyamoto ◽  
Mariliane Chicarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Target Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

This study evaluated the correlation between the presence of black extrinsic tooth stains and caries in Brazilian schoolchildren. The target population consisted of 263 children aged 6-12 years. Clinical examinations were performed by four dentists calibrated for the World Health Organization criteria for caries diagnosis. The c² test was used to compare the prevalence of caries between groups of children with and without black tooth stains. Spearman's correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between the presence of black stains and caries severity. Black stains were observed in 14.8% of the children. The number of children with caries-free permanent dentition was not statistically different between groups. The mean DMF-T was 1.46 ± 1.39 for children with black stains and 2.42 ± 2.09 for children without black stains. A negative correlation was observed between the presence (r = -0.16; p<0.05) and severity (r = -0.15; p<0.01) of black stains and DMF-T.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document