scholarly journals Species Specificity of the Putative Male Antennal Aphrodisiac Pheromone inLeptopilina heterotoma,Leptopilina boulardi, andLeptopilina victoriae

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingmar Weiss ◽  
Joachim Ruther ◽  
Johannes Stökl
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Leptopilina Boulardi ◽  
Parasitic Hymenoptera ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Antennal Contact ◽  
Aphrodisiac Pheromone ◽  
Odour Profile

Male antennal aphrodisiac pheromones have been suggested to elicit female receptiveness in several parasitic Hymenoptera, includingLeptopilina boulardi. None of the proposed pheromones, however, has been fully identified to date. It is also unknown whether these antennal pheromones are species specific, because the species specificity of mate recognition and courtship elicitation inLeptopilinaprevented such experiments. In this study we present an experimental design that allows the investigation of the species specificity of the putative male aphrodisiac pheromone ofL. heterotoma, L. boulardi,andL. victoriae. This is achieved by chemical manipulation of the odour profile of heterospecific females, so that males perceive them as conspecifics and show antennal courtship behaviour. Males courted the manipulated heterospecific females and antennal contact between the male and the female was observed. However, males elicited receptiveness only in conspecific females, never in the manipulated heterospecific females. Chemical analysis showed the presence of species specific unsaturated hydrocarbons on the antennae of males. Only trace amounts of these hydrocarbons are found on the antennae of females. Our results are an important step towards the understanding and identification of antennal pheromones of parasitic wasps.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate–carbohydrate interaction provides adhesion force and specificity for cellular recognition

2004 ◽  
Vol 165 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Bucior ◽  
Simon Scheuring ◽  
Andreas Engel ◽  
Max M. Burger
Keyword(s):  
Adhesion Force ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Sponge Cell ◽  
Cell Recognition ◽  
Adhesion Forces ◽  
Cellular Recognition ◽  
Strong Adhesion ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Cell Cell

The adhesion force and specificity in the first experimental evidence for cell–cell recognition in the animal kingdom were assigned to marine sponge cell surface proteoglycans. However, the question whether the specificity resided in a protein or carbohydrate moiety could not yet be resolved. Here, the strength and species specificity of cell–cell recognition could be assigned to a direct carbohydrate–carbohydrate interaction. Atomic force microscopy measurements revealed equally strong adhesion forces between glycan molecules (190–310 piconewtons) as between proteins in antibody–antigen interactions (244 piconewtons). Quantitative measurements of adhesion forces between glycans from identical species versus glycans from different species confirmed the species specificity of the interaction. Glycan-coated beads aggregated according to their species of origin, i.e., the same way as live sponge cells did. Live cells also demonstrated species selective binding to glycans coated on surfaces. These findings confirm for the first time the existence of relatively strong and species-specific recognition between surface glycans, a process that may have significant implications in cellular recognition.

BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). XVIH. COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL TAXONOMY OF THE SIBLING SPECIES EUXOA RIDMGSIANA (GRT.) AND EUXOA MAIMES (SM.)

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Byers ◽  
D.L. Struble ◽  
J.D. Lafontaine
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Mate Recognition System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractThe species previously recognized as Euxoa ridingsiana (Grt.) is shown to be composed of a sympatric pair of sibling species, Euxoa ridingsiana (Grt.) and Euxoa maimes (Sm.), which in the laboratory will produce viable F1 hybrids but no F2. Results of F1 sib and backcrosses show that the F1 males are fertile and the F1 females are infertile. In mating-bias tests conducted in laboratory cages, 74% of matings were conspecific and 26% interspecific. Differences in the diel periodicities of mating, which are about 2 h out of phase, may account for the mating bias. The duration of development of E. ridingsiana in the laboratory and its seasonal flight period in the field are about 2 weeks in advance of that of E. maimes. However, there is considerable overlap of the flight periods and, with the tendency of females of both species to mate several times, it is unlikely that the difference in seasonal emergence is enough to effect reproductive isolation. It is evident that, under natural conditions, reproductive isolation can be maintained entirely by species-specific sex pheromones. This mechanism of reproductive isolation is, however, apparently ineffective when moths are confined in cages in the laboratory.Biogeographic considerations suggest that the differences in life-cycle timing and mating periodicities might have been adaptations to adjust development and reproduction to prevailing ancestral environments. If the initial differentiation of the 2 species occurred in isolation and included at least an incipient shift in the pheromonal mate-recognition system, it is possible that upon reestablishment of contact between ancestral populations the differences in life-cycle timing and mating periodicities acting in concert could have effected substantial, albeit incomplete, reproductive isolation. Subsequent selection to reinforce assortative mating to preserve coadapted gene complexes could then have resulted in differentiation of discrete pheromonal systems and attainment of species status.

scholarly journals 46 Species-specificity in metmyoglobin reduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 83-84
Author(s):  
Emily Bechtold ◽  
Surendranath Suman ◽  
Smita Mohanty ◽  
Suman Mazumder ◽  
Sadagopan Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Protein ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Reducing Properties

Abstract Myoglobin is the primary sarcoplasmic protein responsible for meat color. Previous research has reported that myoglobin oxidation is species-specific. Metmyoglobin reducing activity is an inherent property to limit myoglobin oxidation. However, limited research has determined species specificity in metmyoglobin reducing properties. The objective of current study was to compare metmyoglobin reducing properties of eight different species such as beef, porcine, bison, deer, emu, equine, goat, and sheep in vitro. Myoglobin was isolated from eight different species via ammonium sulfate precipitation. The pH of the myoglobin was adjusted by passing through a column pre-calibrated with 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 5.6. All species myoglobin were converted to metmyoglobin, and the metmyoglobin reduction was determined by two different approaches, non-enzymatic metmyoglobin reducing activity (NMRA) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). In the first method, NADH (electron donor), EDTA, and methylene blue (electron carrier), were added in a cuvette and increase in absorbance at 582 nm was monitored using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. In the second method, the ability of the heme to get reduced was determined using an RedoxSys analyzer, in which electron was directly transferred to heme. The NMRA and ORP experiments were replicated five times. The data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS, with species as the fixed effect. There were species-specific differences (P < 0.05) in NMRA and ORP. Bovine myoglobin had the greatest (P < 0.05) NMRA compared with sheep, equine, goat, deer, bison, pork, and emu. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in NMRA among equine, goat, deer, bison, pork, and emu. ORP studies indicated that beef and porcine myoglobins had the greatest ability to get reduced (P < 0.05) compared with other species. Hence, use of different techniques and approaches will help to elucidate the mechanistic basis of metmyoglobin reduction.

How Host Specific Are Herpesviruses? Lessons from Herpesviruses Infecting Wild and Endangered Mammals

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Azab ◽  
Anisha Dayaram ◽  
Alex D. Greenwood ◽  
Nikolaus Osterrieder
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Species Specific

Herpesviruses are ubiquitous and can cause disease in all classes of vertebrates but also in animals of lower taxa, including molluscs. It is generally accepted that herpesviruses are primarily species specific, although a species can be infected by different herpesviruses. Species specificity is thought to result from host-virus coevolutionary processes over the long term. Even with this general concept in mind, investigators have recognized interspecies transmission of several members of the Herpesviridae family, often with fatal outcomes in non-definitive hosts—that is, animals that have no or only a limited role in virus transmission. We here summarize herpesvirus infections in wild mammals that in many cases are endangered, in both natural and captive settings. Some infections result from herpesviruses that are endemic in the species that is primarily affected, and some result from herpesviruses that cause fatal disease after infection of non-definitive hosts. We discuss the challenges of such infections in several endangered species in the absence of efficient immunization or therapeutic options.

The schistosomulum surface antigens ofSchistosoma haematobium

Parasitology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. G. Simpson ◽  
M. Knight ◽  
P. Hagan ◽  
J. Hodgson ◽  
H. A. Wilkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Surface Antigens ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Heterologous Immunity ◽  
Specific Immunity ◽  
Surface Labelling ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Somatic Antigens

Surface antigens ofSchistosoma haematobiumwere identified by125I-surface labelling of schistosomula followed by immunoprecipitation of the solubilized, labelled surfaces. The major antigens, after electrophoresis, formed a continuous smear corresponding to a molecular weight in the range 35–24000; in addition, a 17000 antigen was also identified. These surface antigens, in contrast to somatic antigens, were species-specific, as judged by immunoprecipitation with human anti-S. mansoniserum and serum from mice vaccinated with highly irradiatedS. mansonicercariae.S. haematobiumsurface antigens, however, were recognized to some extent by serum from mice chronically infected withS. mansoni. It is suggested that this cross-reactivity may reflect the heterologous immunity demonstrated experimentally between these two species, whilst the species-specificity of vaccine sera to surface antigens may mirror the highly specific immunity induced by vaccination.

Dynamics of gastropod infection by first-stage larvae of protostrongylid nematodes — a model

Parasitology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Řezáč ◽  
P. Kindlmann ◽  
I. Dostálková ◽  
E. Holasová
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Infective Larva ◽  
Snail Infection ◽  
Instantaneous Rate ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Penetration Probability

SUMMARYFor the description of the dynamics of snail infection by the 1st-stage larvae of protostrongylid nematodes, Skorping (1988) used the miracidia-snail model (Anderson, 1978). Here it is shown that, in contrast to miracidia, in protostrongylids the instantaneous rate of infection, α, is strongly dependent on the experimental design (factors like host size and size of the experimental arena). With respect to this, Anderson's model is modified by incorporation of the experimental design. The parameter α in its new sense as the rate of penetration (probability that the infective larva will penetrate into the host during a time unit) is shown to remain dependent, although much less so, on the experimental design. Only the inclusion of the assumed effect of mucus, which decreases the rate of penetration, yields a parameter α0 (the initial rate of penetration), which is completely independent of the design of the experiment, is species-specific, and also gives the best fit to the empirical data. As the above-mentioned factors can strongly influence the value of the instantaneous rate of infection in the laboratory experiments, α0 is more suitable as a measure of either the larval infectivity for the snail or snail susceptibility to infection by the protostrongylid larvae.

Undersowing rutabaga with white clover: impact on Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) and its natural enemies

2004 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy L. Dixon ◽  
Juanita R. Coady ◽  
David J. Larson ◽  
Dean Spaner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Parasitic Hymenoptera ◽  
Bembidion Lampros ◽  
Pterostichus Melanarius ◽  
Cabbage Maggot ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractThe cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.), is a serious pest of cruciferous crops in temperate regions of North America and Europe. The effects of undersowing rutabaga, Brassica napus L. subsp. rapifera Metzg. (Brassicaceae), with white clover, Trifolium repens L. (Leguminosae), on second-generation cabbage maggot and its natural enemies were studied in Newfoundland in 1997 and 1998. In 1997, totals of 1311 and 724 eggs were recovered from bare and undersown plots, respectively. More eggs were present in bare plots than undersown plots on various specific dates. In 1997, rutabagas from bare plots weighed more than those from undersown plots, although damage ratings were similar, suggesting that competition, not cabbage maggot feeding, caused the yield differences. In 1998, there were few cabbage maggots present and little damage or yield reduction in either treatment. Similar numbers of cabbage maggot pupae were extracted and reared from each treatment in each year. In 1997, of the pupae reared from undersown plots, 48% produced cabbage maggot flies, 14% produced parasitic Hymenoptera, and 8% produced Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae); 19% of the pupae from bare plots produced cabbage maggot flies, 8% produced parasitic Hymenoptera, and 36% produced A. bilineata. More A. bilineata were captured in pitfall traps in bare plots than in undersown plots. The effect of clover on carabid beetles was species specific. There were more Bembidion lampros (Herbst) and Amara bifrons (Gyllenhal) in bare plots in 1997, and more Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) in undersown plots in both years. Despite consistently lower egg numbers in undersown plots than in bare plots, the numbers of pupae in the two treatments were similar at the end of the season. We speculate that this may be due to differential, density-dependent mortality of immature stages of cabbage maggot caused by predators and parasitoids.

Subtractive analysis of S. franciscanus and S. purpuratus ovary mRNA: what kinds of genes determine species-specificity?

Zygote ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. S64-S64
Author(s):  
Noriko Kamei ◽  
Charles G. Glabe
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Representational Difference Analysis ◽  
Egg Recognition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Subtractive Hybridisation ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
And Control

Our goal is to identify and understand points of regulation in sperm–egg recognition as well as in steps of early development. These processes are species-specific and are the key to understanding speciation. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, the interaction of the sperm and egg displays a wide range of species-specificity. The questions we would like to answer are: What kinds of molecules determine the specificity and control the fertilisation process? Are early steps in development regulated in a species-specific manner?As an approach to identifying genes that determine species-specificity, in two different species, S. purpuratus (S. p.) and S. franciscanus (S. f.), we used a new subtractive hybridisation method known as RDA (representational difference analysis) (Lisitsyn et al., 1993; Hubank et al., 1994). Several species-specific clones were isolated from S. f. ovary mRNA by this method using mRNA from another species but the same genus of sea urchin, S. p. Four different clones were obtained and the species-specificity of the sequence was confirmed by hybridisation. One of them has four tandem EGF repeats and is homologous to the S. p. EGF-II gene (Yang et al., 1989) and A. crassispina EGIP (exogastrula inducing protein) gene (Ishihara et al., 1982). The first three EGF repeats (EGF 1–3) have 60% similarity among these species, but the fourth EGF domain (EGF 4) is highly divergent. The EGF-II protein is believed to be involved in the signalling events of early development, because purified EGF causes exogastrulation when it is added to the seawater prior to gastrulation (Ishihara et al., 1982). Recombinant EGF 3 from S. f. induces exogastrulation in both S. f. and S. p.

scholarly journals 81 Species-specificity in metmyoglobin reduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
Emily Bechtold ◽  
Surendranath Suman ◽  
Smita Mohanty ◽  
Suman Mazumder ◽  
Sadagopan Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Protein ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Reducing Properties

Abstract Myoglobin is the primary sarcoplasmic protein responsible for meat color. Previous research has reported that myoglobin oxidation is species-specific. Metmyoglobin reducing activity is an inherent property to limit myoglobin oxidation. However, limited research has determined species specificity in metmyoglobin reducing properties. The objective of current study was to compare metmyoglobin reducing properties of eight different species such as beef, porcine, bison, deer, emu, equine, goat, and sheep in vitro. Myoglobin was isolated from eight different species via ammonium sulfate precipitation. The pH of the myoglobin was adjusted by passing through a column pre-calibrated with 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 5.6. All species myoglobin were converted to metmyoglobin, and the metmyoglobin reduction was determined by two different approaches, non-enzymatic metmyoglobin reducing activity (NMRA) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). In the first method, NADH (electron donor), EDTA, and methylene blue (electron carrier), were added in a cuvette and increase in absorbance at 582 nm was monitored using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. In the second method, the ability of the heme to get reduced was determined using an RedoxSys analyzer, in which electron was directly transferred to heme. The NMRA and ORP experiments were replicated five times. The data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS, with species as the fixed effect. There were species-specific differences (P < 0.05) in NMRA and ORP. Bovine myoglobin had the greatest (P < 0.05) NMRA compared with sheep, equine, goat, deer, bison, pork, and emu. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in NMRA among equine, goat, deer, bison, pork, and emu. ORP studies indicated that beef and porcine myoglobins had the greatest ability to get reduced (P < 0.05) compared with other species. Hence, use of different techniques and approaches will help to elucidate the mechanistic basis of metmyoglobin reduction.

Regulation Of Bovine Activated Protein C By Protein S: The Role Of The Cofactor Protein In Species Specificity

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
F J Walker
Keyword(s):  
Protein C ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Activated Protein C ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Rabbit Plasma ◽  
Factor Va ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Species Specific

The anticoagulant activity of activated Protein C has been observed to be species specific. This could be due either to the inability of the bovine enzyme to recognize its substrate, Factor Va, in non-bovine plasmas, or the absence of cofactor-Protein S, a protein that has been shown to be necessary for the maximum expression of the anticoagulant activity of activated Protein C. Activated Protein C was found to be an effective inhibitor of Factor Xa-initiated clotting of bovine plasma, but without activity in either human or rabbit plasma. Human and rabbit plasma supplemented with bovine Protein S was sensitive to the anticoagulant activity of activated Protein C. Neither rabbit nor human plasma contained bovine activated Protein C cofactor activity as measured by the enhancement of bovine activated Protein C-catalyzed inactivation of Factor Va. However, bovine activated Protein C was able to inactivate both human and rabbit Factor Va. The inactivation of both of these proteins could be stimulated by the addition of bovine Protein S. These results indicate that the species specificity of bovine activated Protein C is due to the absence of a cofactor protein in non-bovine plasma that will interact with the bovine enzyme. Secondly, these findings further confirm that Protein S is required for the maximal expression of the anticoagulant activity of activated Protein C.

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