scholarly journals Effect of Cow Urine on the Growth Characteristics ofFusarium lateritium, an Important Coffee Fungus in Zimbabwe

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Gotora ◽  
Lawrence Masaka ◽  
Marvelous Sungirai
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Tube Length ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Copper Oxychloride ◽  
Cow Urine

Anin vitroassay was carried out to establish if cow urine at different concentrations (500 µL/mL, 300 µL/mL, 200 µL/mL, and 100 µL/mL) can be used to control the growth ofF. lateritium, the fungal agent causing Fusarium bark disease in coffee. The growth characteristics selected were conidial germination, germ tube length, mycelial growth rate, and sporulation. Copper oxychloride 50% W.P. was the standard, distilled water was the negative control, and undiluted cow urine was the positive control. The undiluted cow urine was most effective in inhibiting fungal growth with the rest of the cow urine concentrations showing dose dependent efficacy compared to the negative control (P< 0.01). Copper oxychloride had the highest efficacy of all treatments with the exception of the inhibition of mycelial growth where undiluted cow urine had higher efficacy and sporulation where efficacy was comparable to undiluted cow urine. There is potential for the use of cow urine as a means of controlling Fusarium bark disease with other advantages being availability, low cost, and limited environmental damage.

scholarly journals In vitro fungitoxic potential of Lippia gracilis (Schauer) essential oil against phytopathogens

2020 ◽  
pp. 667-674
Author(s):  
Kevison Romulo da Silva França ◽  
Flavia Mota de Figueredo Alves ◽  
Tiago Silva Lima ◽  
Alda Leaby dos Santos Xavier ◽  
Plínio Tércio Medeiros de Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Growth Speed ◽  
Randomized Design

This study evaluates the in vitro effects of Lippia gracilis essential oil on the mycelial growth of phytopathogenic fungi. Experiments were carried out using a completely randomized design to assess the effects of eight treatments. Five replicates were evaluated for each experimental group. The essential oil was incorporated into the potato dextrose culture medium and poured into Petri dishes. Treatments were comprised of different concentrations of the oil (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%), a negative control (0.0%), and two positive controls (commercial fungicides). The plates were inoculated with fungi including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. musae, C. fructicola, C. asianum, Alternaria alternata, A. brassicicola, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae and were incubated for seven days at 27 ± 2°C. The following variables were measured to verify the differences observed among treatments: percentage of mycelial growth inhibition and index of mycelial growth speed. All concentrations of L. gracilis oil inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal species evaluated. The complete inhibition was observed between concentrations of 0.0125 and 0.1%. Treatment with oil inhibited fungal growth with similar, or even greater, efficiency than commercial fungicides.. We recommend the development of in vivo tests to verify whether L. gracilis essential oil can protect against fungal disease in live plants.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Isolates from Diseased Avocado Fruits to Selected Fungicides in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Stanley Kirugo Kimaru ◽  
E. Monda ◽  
R. C. Cheruiyot ◽  
J. Mbaka ◽  
A. Alakonya
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Copper Oxychloride ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Agroecological Zones ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Growing Region

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a serious postharvest pathogen of avocado fruits worldwide. Kenya lacks any registered fungicides for the management of the disease. Nevertheless, farmers commonly use commercially available fungicides such as Bayleton 25WP (Triadimefon 250 g/Kg), Milraz 76WP (Propineb 70% and Cymoxanil 6%), and Copper oxychloride 500WP for disease management. The efficacy of these fungicides against C. gloeosporioides is not known. The purpose of this study was therefore to test the inhibitory effect of these fungicides against 46 C. gloeosporioides isolates from avocado fruits collected from varieties grown at different agroecological zones in Murang’a County, a popular avocado-growing region in Kenya. Mycelial growth rate and sporulation for each isolate were measured in vitro on PDA plates amended with different concentrations of the fungicides. Plates were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications per treatment. All fungicides were effective in vitro but there were significant differences in sensitivity among isolates. Bayleton had the highest mycelial inhibition followed by Milraz, while copper oxychloride had the lowest mycelial inhibition rates, ranging from 81% to 88%. However, copper oxychloride was more effective in inhibiting sporulation. The inhibitory effect of each fungicide was concentration-dependent, where twice the recommended concentration had the highest inhibitory effect, followed by the recommended concentration. Our results show that the fungicides used by farmers against C. gloeosporioides, the causal agent for anthracnose, are effective. We, however, recommend further field tests in different avocado-growing areas so as to validate their efficacy against various isolates and under different environments.

Evaluation of Commercial Latex as a Positive Control for In Vitro Testing of Bioceramics

2014 ◽  
Vol 631 ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuelle Stellet Lourenço ◽  
Juliana Côrtes ◽  
Joyce Costa ◽  
Adriana Linhares ◽  
Gutemberg Alves
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Positive Controls

Several tests for the biological evaluation of bioceramic materials and medical devices are provided in specific international standards, where in vitro tests have a major role. Tests involving exposure of cells in culture require the use of validated positive controls, which, in the same preparation and treatment conditions, present a substantial and well-known cytotoxicity. The present work aimed to test and validate 3 different sources of low cost, commercially available latex, as positive controls in cytotoxicity tests for bioceramic materials performed by indirect exposure. The tested origins for latex samples were: surgical gloves without powder, 100% pure amber latex hospital-grade tourniquets and 60 % latex White tubing. MC3T3-E1 murine pre-osteoblasts in culture were exposed to conditioned media (extracts) of each material tested, along with sintered stoichiometric hydroxyapatite bioceramics, and polystyrene beads as negative control. Cell viability was determined by XTT and Crystal Violet Exclusion tests. Concentration curves of the extracts were performed to obtain the DC50. Only the 100% pure amber latex tubing was proven to be cytotoxic, with cell survival less than 5%. This material did not affected neighboring groups at the same experimental system. Moreover, latex samples showed great repeatability in different tests against latex and biomaterials, with consistent toxicity under 20% cell survival as shown in 3 different cell viability parameters. We conclude that fragments of latex ambar tubing are suited as effective positive controls in tests of medical bioceramic materials.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF PLANT EXTRACTS AND FUNGICIDES FOR MANAGING FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SPLYCOPERSICI

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gul B. Poussio ◽  
Manzoor A. Abro ◽  
Jamal U. D. Hajano ◽  
Muhammad I. Khaskheli ◽  
Khalid I. Rajput ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
Causal Fungus

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) is a highly destructive fungal pathogen of tomato crop causing wilt disease which may reduce 10 to 90% yield. In Pakistan, tomato is widely grown in Sindh province, major territories are district Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar and Mirpurkhas. Thus, surveys of these territories were conducted to record intensity of the disease and confirm etiology. Furthermore, potential of different botanical pesticides and commercially available fungicides were tested to inhibit mycelial growth of the causal fungus. The experiment was laid down with complete randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the disease was occurring in all locations with the range of 8-47 % incidence. F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici was predominantly isolated from the collected disease sample during survey and pathogenic nature of the fungus was tested on the tomato Golo variety through soil drenching method. The disease incidence of 30 and 42 % (72 % as total) was recorded in inoculated tomato plants at 20 and 40 DAI, respectively. Maximum (67 %) inhibition of the fungal growth was found by neem seed extracts at higher dose of 8 % concentration followed by 63 % with neem seeds and Eucalyptus at 6 and 8 %, respectively. Alternatively, the Nativo 75 WG fungicide was found most effective in reducing the redial mycelial growth of target fungus followed by Topsin-M at 1000 ppm where as Aliette and Melodedue fungicides were found least effective under in-vitro conditions.

scholarly journals In-vitro evaluation of six bio-product against coriander stem gall disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munish Leharwan ◽  
Meenu Gupta ◽  
Sanjeev Leharwan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Cent Concentration ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Stem Gall ◽  
Butter Milk ◽  
Poison Food Technique

Stem gall of coriander caused by Protomyces macrosporus Unger. is a highly devastating seed and soil borne pathogen in coriander and has emerged as one of the major disease causing substantial quantitative and qualitative losses. In the present studies, efficacy of six bio-products, namely, Neemazal, cow urine, butter milk, fresh milk, beejamrit and jeevamrit was screened against mycelial growth inhibition of P. macrosporus under in vitro conditions. Extracts of these bio-products were evaluated at three different concentrations (i.e 10, 20 and 30%) by poison food technique. Results revealed that that among the various bio-products evaluated against test pathogen, irrespective of concentration tested, all the bio-products resulted in significant inhibition in mycelial growth of test pathogen with neemazal giving the complete inhibition [100.00 % (90.00)] followed by fresh milk [30.66 % (28.44)] and butter milk [26.55 % (25.99)], though these treatments were statistically different from one another. Different concentrations (10 to 30 %) of bio-products, irrespective of the treatments showed that 30 per cent concentration of all bio-products was most efficacious in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the test pathogen giving 69.95 per cent (36.77) growth inhibition. This was followed 20 and 10 per cent concentration of bio-products resulting in 55.58 per cent (32.49) and 45.53 per cent (16.30) growth inhibition, respectively. The result regarding evaluation of bio-products under in vitro conditions against the P. macrosporus showed that Neemazal treatment was most effective at all concentrations and completely inhibited the test fungus followed by 30 per cent fresh milk resulting in the mycelial growth inhibition of 51.60 per cent.

Alternative and sustainable control of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that causes white mold in soybeans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio E. Lemos da Silva ◽  
Kimberlly Soares Brito Bratifich ◽  
eloisa Teresa Corradini Santos
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Negative Effect

The Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes the White Mold of soybean, being responsible for losses of up to 100% in agricultural production. The objective of this work was to verify and analyze the effect of the raw aqueous extract (EBA) of ginger Zingiber officinalis on a strain of Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum isolated from soybean, cultivated and maintained in vitro in laboratory. The methodology consisted of a longitudinal study of the statistical analysis of the mycelial growth velocity index (MICV), after treatment of the mycelia with different concentrations of aqueous crude extract. The results showed a direct relationship between increasing concentration of EBA and a significant negative effect on the growth of scleroderia. It was possible to conclude that the antifungal activity of ginger EBA was able to inhibit the in vitro growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, with potential protection of soybean crops; it can become a sustainable alternative in the control of this fungus, by decreasing the use of agrochemicals that cause damage to public health and environmental damage.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Ascochyta Species Infecting Pea, Lentil, and Chickpea to Boscalid, Fluxapyroxad, and Prothioconazole

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 1254-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Lonergan ◽  
Julie Pasche ◽  
Linnea Skoglund ◽  
Mary Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
Ascochyta Pinodes ◽  
Management Recommendations ◽  
Control Failures

Management of Ascochyta blight in pea, lentil, and chickpea relies on repeated fungicide applications, which has led to development of fungicide resistance and disease control failures in some systems. In vitro assays were conducted to determine baseline fungicide sensitivity in Mycosphaerella pinodes (Ascochyta pinodes), A. lentis, and A. rabiei populations to the demethylation-inhibiting fungicide prothioconazole and the succinate dehydrogenase-inhibiting fungicides boscalid and fluxapyroxad by determining the effective concentration at which 50% of germination or fungal growth was inhibited (EC50). Mean boscalid EC50 values from conidial germination assays were 0.669, 0.639, and 0.171 μg/ml and from mycelial growth assays were 0.258, 0.791, and 0.443 μg/ml for M. pinodes, A. lentis, and A. rabiei, respectively. Mean fluxapyroxad EC50 values were 0.050, 0.763, and 0.057 μg/ml for M. pinodes, A. lentis, and A. rabiei, respectively. Mean baseline EC50 values for prothioconazole with mycelial growth were 0.541, 0.604, and 0.283 μg/ml for M. pinodes, A. lentis, and A. rabiei, respectively. A single discriminatory fungicide concentration of 1 μg/ml was selected for all species. Established sensitivity profiles and discriminatory concentrations will be used to monitor sensitivity shifts in populations of Ascochyta spp. and to make effective disease management recommendations.

scholarly journals Control of Alternaria alternata Using Melaleuca Essential Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Flávia Mota de Figuerêdo Alves ◽  
Kevison Romulo da Silva França ◽  
Ionaly Gomes de Araújo ◽  
Lídia Pinheiro da Nóbrega ◽  
Alda Leaby dos Santos Xavier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Growth Speed ◽  
In Vitro Test

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the fungitoxic potential of melaleuca essential oil on the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata under in vitro condition and the treatment of cowpea beans. Study Design: The experiments comprised completely randomized designs: Eleven treatments with five replicates on in vitro test; and six treatments with five replicates on in vivo test. Place and Duration of Study: The work was carried out at the Center for Agrifood Science and Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal, Brazil, since February 2018 to February 2019. Methodology: In the in vitro experiment, the essential oil was incorporated into the culture medium and poured into Petri dishes. The treatments consisted of different concentrations of the essential oil (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0%), a negative control (0.0%), and a positive control (Thiram). Discs of culture medium with fungal mycelia were inoculated in the center of the plates and incubated for seven days at 27±2ºC. The percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (PGI) and the index of mycelial growth speed (IMGS) was calculated to verify the difference between treatments. In the in vivo experiment, the bean seeds were treated with different concentrations of EO (0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0%), a negative control (0.0%), and positive control (Thiram). Seeds were inoculated with colonies of the fungus for 48 hours, and after that, we performed the seed sanity test. Results: Under in vitro conditions, all concentrations of melaleuca essential oil reduced the mycelial growth of A. alternata. The oil reached complete inhibition of fungal growth from 0.2% concentration and above. In the cowpea treatment, the essential oil had no significant control over the percentage of infected seeds. Conclusion: The melaleuca essential oil had a fungitoxic effect on the A. alternata under in vitro conditions. However, using the adopted methodology, on the cowpea bean seed treatment, the essential oil did not reduce the incidence of A. alternata.

scholarly journals Efficacy of botanicals and fungicides against Rhizoctonia solani inciting sheath blight disease on Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1916-1920
Author(s):  
Vipin Kumar ◽  
V.P. Chaudhary ◽  
Dharmendra Kumar ◽  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Sushma Sagar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Sheath Blight Disease ◽  
Fungal Growth Inhibition

Among the fungal diseases, sheath blight, caused by multinucleate Rhizoctoniasolani Kuhn (teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris Donk), a ubiquitous pathogen, is an important fungal disease of rice ranking only after blast and often rivalling it. The potential losses due to sheath blight alone in India has been up to 51.3%. In this study an attempt was made to investigate the antifungal efficacy of botanicals viz., neem (Azadirachtaindica), tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), garlic (Allium sativum), onion (Allium cepa), ginger (Zingiberofficinale) and various fungicides namely mancozeb, propiconazole, hexaconazole, carbendazim, and copper oxychlorideagainst Rhizoctoniasolani in vitro by poison food technique. R. solani was allowed to grow at 5%, 10% concentrations of botanicals and at 200, 500, 1000ppm of fungicides amended potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The effect of botanicals and fungicides on mycelial growth inhibition was recorded after 36, 48 and 72 post hrs inoculation (phi). It was observed that bulb extract of Allium sativum and rhizome extract of Zingier officinal suppressed the mycelial growth (80.19 and 76.32, respectively) @ 10% followed by leaf extract of Azadirachtaindica (72.78 %) after 72 phi. Among the fungicides, the complete fungal growth inhibition was observed in propiconazole and carbendazim fungicides amended medium.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) Seed Extract on the Growth of in Vitro Malassezia Furfur

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fajar Daniswara Montana ◽  
◽  
Yuni Setyaningsih ◽  
Fajriati Zulfa ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Pityriasis Versicolor ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Malassezia Furfur ◽  
Concentration Variance ◽  
Anti Fungal

ABSTRACT Background: Pityriasis versicolor or Tinea versicolor is a skin disease caused by the Malassezia furfur which is often found in Indonesia. People can use anti-fungal drugs to treat this disease. However, long-term use of anti-fungal drugs is relatively more expensive and can have side effects for its users. Cocoa bean husk contains flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids which have anti-fungal effects. This study aimed to determine the antifungal effectiveness of the cocoa bean husk extract on the growth of M. furfur. Subjects and Methods: This was an experimental study using cocoa bean husk extract with a concentration variance of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, with a positive control for ketoconazole 2% and a negative control using distilled water. The test was carried out by the well diffusion method using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar media. The inhibition of fungal growth was calculated by looking at the clear zone formed after 48 hours. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Post hoc Mann Whitney statistical tests. Results: The mean diameter of the inhibition zone at a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% was 3.42 mm, 4.07 mm, 4.9 mm, and 7.3 mm, respectively, and it was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Cocoa bean husk extract has weak anti-fungal effectiveness at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%, while at 100% it has moderate effectiveness. Keywords: antifungal, Pityriasis versicolor, cocoa bean shell, well diffusion, Malassezia furfur Correspondence: Yuni Setyaningsih. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.01

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