scholarly journals The Effect on Treatment Adherence of Administering Drugs as Fixed-Dose Combinations versus as Separate Pills: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy A. van Galen ◽  
Jeannine F. Nellen ◽  
Pythia T. Nieuwkerk
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Adherence ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Effect Estimate ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Optimal Adherence

Administering drugs as fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) versus the same active drugs administered as separate pills is assumed to enhance treatment adherence. We synthesized evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about the effect of FDCs versus separate pills on adherence. We searched PubMed for RCTs comparing a FDC with the same active drugs administered as separate pills, including a quantitative estimate of treatment adherence, without restriction to medical condition. The odds ratio (OR) of optimal adherence with FDCs versus separate pills was used as common effect size and aggregated into a pooled effect estimate using a random effect model with inverse variance weights. Out of 1258 articles screened, only six studies fulfilled inclusion criteria. Across medical conditions, administering drugs as FDC significantly increased the likelihood of optimal adherence (OR 1.33 (95% CI, 1.03–1.71)). Within subgroups of specific medical conditions, the favourable effect of FDCs on adherence was of borderline statistical significance for HIV infection only (OR 1.46 (95% CI, 1.00–2.13)). We observed a remarkable paucity of RCTs comparing the effect on adherence of administering drugs as FDC versus as separate pills. Administering drugs as FDC improved medication adherence. However, this conclusion is based on a limited number of RCTs only.

scholarly journals Efficiency in Value Added Tax in Sub-National Governments in India: An Empirical Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asit Ranjan Mohanty ◽  
Suresh Kumar Patra ◽  
Satyendra Kumar .
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Government

The present study attempts to analyse whether the VAT efficiency has improved after its implementation. Further, we examine the major determinants of VAT efficiency for 17 non-special category Indian states for the period 2000-01 to 2014-15. Using random effect model (as suggested by Hausman test), the urbanization ratio, billing and collection efficiency, bank credit ratio and share of agriculture sector are found to have a favourable effect on VAT efficiency while the share of the unregistered manufacturing sector and share of services sector have an adverse impact on VAT efficiency. Besides, the study also reveals that tax efficiency has come down in the aftermath of the implementation of the VAT in India. As regards policy implication, initiatives by the government for the high level of urbanization, raising billing and collection efficiency, providing more bank credit and encouraging agricultural activities would enhance the VAT efficiency. Since the coefficient of the VAT dummy is negative in the model, the government may revise the existing tax system and adopt a suitable taxation system that solves the problem in the current tax structure.

scholarly journals Impact of Environmental Airborne Manganese Exposure on Cognitive and Motor Functions in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4075
Author(s):  
Laura Ruiz-Azcona ◽  
Ignacio Fernández-Olmo ◽  
Andrea Expósito ◽  
Bohdana Markiv ◽  
María Paz-Zulueta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Effect Model

Background/Objective: Whether environmental exposure to Manganese (Mn) in adults is associated with poorer results in cognitive and motor function is unclear. We aimed to determine these associations through a meta-analysis of published studies. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify epidemiological studies on a population ≥18 years old exposed to environmental airborne Mn, and in which results on specific tests to evaluate cognitive or motor functions were reported. We consulted Medline through PubMed, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. We also performed a manual search within the list of bibliographic references of the retrieved studies and systematic reviews. To weight Mn effects, a random effects versus fixed effect model was chosen after studying the heterogeneity of each outcome. Results. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Among them, eleven studies reported data susceptible for meta-analysis through a pooled correlation or a standardized means difference (SMD) approach between exposed and non-exposed groups. Regarding cognitive function, the results of the studies showed heterogeneity among them (I2 = 76.49%, p < 0.001). The overall effect was a statistically significant negative correlation in the random effects model (pooled r = −0.165; 95%CI: −0.214 to −0.116; p < 0.001). For SMD, the results showed a lower heterogeneity with a negative SMD that did not reach statistical significance under the fixed effects model (SMD = −0.052; 95%CI −0.108 to 0.004; p = 0.068). Regarding motor function, heterogeneity (I2 = 75%) was also observed in the correlation approach with a pooled r (random effect model) = −0.150; 95%CI: −0.219 to −0.079; p < 0.001. Moderate heterogeneity was observed according to the SMD approach (I2 = 52.28%), with a pooled SMD = −0.136; 95%CI: −0.188 to−0.084; p < 0.001, indicating worse motor function in those exposed. Conclusions: Correlation approach results support a negative effect on cognitive and motor functions (the higher the Mn levels, the poorer the scores). Regarding the SMD approach, results also support a worse cognitive and motor functions in those exposed, although only for motor function statistical significance was obtained.

scholarly journals Prevalence and factors associated with malaria among under-five children in Ethiopia: A Systematic review and Meta-analysis Protocol

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abay Woday ◽  
Mulluken Dessalegn ◽  
Setognal Birara ◽  
Kusse Urmale
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Pooled Prevalence

Abstract Background: The Sub-Saharan African countries have been carried 80% of the global burden of malaria. Consequently, malaria is still the leading cause of under-five mortality in developing nations. In Ethiopia, studies conducted regarding prevalence and associated factors of malaria among under five children are inconsistently reported and highly variable.Objective: to determine the pooled prevalence and associated factors of malaria among under five children in Ethiopia. Methods: The protocol for this review is registered at PROSPERO with registration number: CRD42020157886. A comprehensive search of the following electronic databases were made using: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, web science, HINARI, Cochrane library, Google Scholar and maternity & infant care databases as well as grey literature uploaded at Ethiopian Health Development Journal were searched until May 2020. The quality of studies will be assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. All identified observational studies reporting the prevalence of malaria and associated factors among under five children in Ethiopia will be considered. Three reviewers will screen all retrieved articles, conduct data extraction, and then critically appraise all identified studies. The analysis of data will be done using STATA 14.0 statistical software. We will determine the pooled prevalence and determinants of malaria among under five children using random effect model with effect size and 95% confidence interval. Heterogeneity among the included studies will be assessed through the Cochrane Q-test statistics and I2 test. Furthermore, publication bias will be checked using funnel plot and egger’s test. Finally, statistical significance level will be declared at a p-value less than 0.05. Discussion: The result from this systematic review will inform and guide health policy planners and researchers on the burden, and determinants of under five children malaria in Ethiopia. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review in Ethiopia. We will synthesize the findings to generate up-to-date knowledge on malaria among under five children in Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Fertility outcomes of deep infiltrating endometriosis with fertility desire——a meta analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
yue shen ◽  
Ziyi Feng ◽  
Lili Jiang ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
Kuiran Liu
Keyword(s):  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis ◽  
Fertility Desire ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Infiltrating Endometriosis

Abstract Background: And the incidence of endometriosis has been increased in recent years. Deep infiltrating endometriosis is the most advanced type of endometriosis. The treatments for patients with DIE and fertility desire are controversial. Materials and Methods: We had search Pubmed, OVID Medline, Cochrane Library published before 2019-10-31, According to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, a total of 17 articles were selected. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for clinical pregnancy data, and a random-effect model was used for meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed using Review manager 5.3. Results: Among patients with fertility desire, 370/1142 (32.40%) conceived spontaneously after surgery, compared with 306/1108(27.62%) got pregnant after surgery and assisted reproductive technology（P=0.36,I2=82%）.There is no significant statistical significance in this comparison and the heterogeneity is high. Then，we performed subgroup analysis and found that the heterogeneity was not caused by fertility status ,surgical methods or study characteristics. Conclusion: Through this meta-analysis, we think that surgery combined ART or not doesn’t affect the pregnancy rate in patients with DIE. But further investigations are required to determine fertility outcomes according to age, endometrioma, adenomyosis, ASRM scores and so on.

scholarly journals Fertility outcomes of deep infiltrating endometriosis with fertility desire—a meta analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
yue shen ◽  
Ziyi Feng ◽  
Lili Jiang ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
Kuiran Liu
Keyword(s):  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis ◽  
Fertility Desire ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Infiltrating Endometriosis

Abstract Background: The morbidity of endometriosis has been ascending in recent years. Deep infiltrating endometriosis is the most advanced type of endometriosis. The treatments for patients with DIE and fertility desire are controversial. Materials and Methods: We had search Pubmed, OVID Medline, Cochrane Library published before 2019-10-31, According to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, a total of 17 articles were selected. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for clinical pregnancy data, and a random-effect model was used for meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed using Review manager 5.3. Results: Among patients with fertility desire, 370/1142 (32.40%) conceived spontaneously after surgery, compared with 306/1108(27.62%) got pregnant after surgery and assisted reproductive technology（P=0.36,I2=82%）.There is no significant statistical significance in this comparison and the heterogeneity is high. Then，we performed subgroup analysis and found that the heterogeneity was not caused by fertility status ,surgical methods or study characteristics. Conclusion: Through this meta-analysis, we think that surgery combined ART or not doesn’t effect on pregnancy rate in patients with DIE. But further investigations are required to determine fertility outcomes according to age, endometrioma, adenomyosis, ASRM scores and so on.

Dose-Response Association Between Bilirubin and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Angiology ◽  
2022 ◽  
pp. 000331972110596
Author(s):  
Lei Zuo ◽  
Jun Huang ◽  
Hongyue Zhang ◽  
Bing Huang ◽  
Xiaoyi Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Effect Estimate ◽  
Effect Model

The association between bilirubin (BIL) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of prospective studies to evaluate this association in the general population. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus databases through to September 2021. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to assess study quality. The pooled effect estimate was calculated by the fixed-effect model or random-effect model. We included 12 prospective studies (368 567 participants). The pooled risk ratio of CVD for the lowest vs highest groups of BIL levels was .75 (95% CI: .58-.97) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 87.5%, P < .001). Similar associations were observed for coronary heart disease and stroke. We further performed a “dose-response” meta-analysis, and a significant U-shaped relationship between circulating (most values were serum bilirubin, but a few were plasma bilirubin) BIL and CVD ( P < .01) was observed. The lowest risk of CVD events was observed in participants with a BIL of 17-20 µmol/L in serum and/or plasma. In conclusion, there was a U-shaped dose-response relationship between BIL and CVD, especially for men. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and identify the mechanisms involved as well as any prognostic or therapeutic potential.

Multiple effects of probiotics on different types of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Wang ◽  
Qi-Fang Juan ◽  
Yu-Wei He ◽  
Li Zhuang ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Included Study ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Standardized Mean Difference

AbstractBackground:A systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to evaluate the effect of probiotics on diabetes and its associated risk factors.Methods:We systematically searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science to June 2016. We also hand-searched the citation lists of included studies and previously identified systematic reviews to identify further relevant trials. Our primary outcome variables included glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin. The pooled standardized mean difference was used to compare the effect between the probiotics and controlled groups, and the pooled standardized mean difference effect size with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated using a random-effect model. Heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran’s Q and HigginsI2tests. Two reviewers assessed trial quality and extracted data independently. The analysis and bias for each included study was performed and assessed using Review Manager 5.2.Results:Eighteen randomized, placebo-controlled studies (n=1056 participants, 527 consuming probiotics, 529 not consuming probiotics) were included for analysis. Comparing the probiotics groups with the control groups, there were statistically significant pooled standardized mean differences on the reduction of glucose (−0.61, 95% CI −0.98, −0.24; p=0.001), insulin (−0.49, 95% CI −0.93, −0.04; p=0.03) and HbA1c(−0.39, 95% CI −0.60, −0.19%; p=0.0001). Subgroup analysis also indicated statistical significance on the reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in non-type 2 diabetes (non-T2DM) mellitus patients with diabetes, for the pooled standardized mean difference was −0.29 (95% CI −0.54, −0.04; p=0.02).Conclusions:Probiotics may have beneficial effects on the reduction of glucose, insulin and HbA1cfor diabetes, especially for T2DM mellitus patients.

scholarly journals The association between polymorphisms near TMEM18 and the risk of obesity: a meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Koj ◽  
Łukasz Grochowalski ◽  
Justyna Jarczak ◽  
Weronika Wójtowicz ◽  
Marta Sobalska-Kwapis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Obesity Risk ◽  
Ethnic Populations ◽  
Population Type

Abstract Background Many studies have proposed that the pathogenesis of obesity has a genetic basis, with an important risk factor being the presence of polymorphisms in the region of the TMEM18 gene, which plays a significant role in feeding behaviour; however, subsequent studies among different ethnic populations and age groups have shown inconsistent results. Therefore, this present meta-analysis examines the relationship between TMEM18 polymorphisms with the risk of obesity with regard to age group and ethnic population. Methods A literature database search was conducted for available relevant studies investigating the association between obesity risk and the presence of rs6548238, rs4854344, rs11127485, rs2867125 and rs7561317 polymorphisms in TMEM18. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by either a fixed-effects model or random effect model based on a heterogeneity test. The meta-analysis of rs6548238 and its surrogates examined the relationships between 53 395 obesity cases and 123 972 healthy controls from 27 studies and published data from the POPULOUS collection (Poland). Results A significant association is observed between rs6548238 (and surrogate) and obesity risk, with OR = 1.25 (95% CI: 1.08–1.45). Regarding population type, a significant association was revealed among groups of Europeans with OR = 1.32 (1.10–1.59) and Mexicans with OR = 1.39 (1.13–1.73). However, a lack of statistical significance was noticed in groups in Asia with OR = 1.11 (95% CI: 0.86–1.42). Regarding age, a significant association was observed among children with OR = 1.28 (95% CI: 1.18–1.39) but not in adults OR = 1.21 (95% CI: 0.92–1.58). Conclusions The polymorphisms near TMEM18 appear to play a role in the development of obesity. Our findings indicate that differences exist between ethnic populations and age groups, supporting those of a previous study showing the various effects of genetic factors on age and ethnic groups.

Qualitative Research on Critical Issues In Halal Logistics

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Syazwan Ab Talib ◽  
Lim Rubin ◽  
Vincent Khor Zhengyi
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Agency Theory ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Corporate Financing ◽  
Financing Decision

This is a preliminary study developed to explore the determinants of capital structure of Shariah-compliant firms listed in Bursa Malaysia. This study is primarily motivated by the issue of the determinants still being inconclusive in the area of capital structure. The study is performed using the static models namely Pool Ordinary Least Square, Fixed Effect and Random Effect Model. Empirical analysis on the determinants reveals that country specific factor which is GDP and sector specific factor which is industry concentration are also significant in influencing the corporate financing decisions in this country along with firm specific factors such as efficiency, bankruptcy risk, profitability, tangibility, liquidity and size of the firm. The findings revealed that results are sensitive to models employed in the study. Nevertheless, the applicability of capital structure theories such as the trade-off theory, agency theory and pecking order theory diverge across sectors in Malaysia. The pecking order theory and agency theory are found to be the dominant theories governing the corporate financing decision in the country as well. It indicates strong evidence of hierarchy practised in firms’ financing decision. The finding on agency theory being dominant justifies the function of short-term debt as a controlling mechanism to mitigate the agency problem arises within firms across sectors. 

Analisis Pengaruh Kepemilikan Blockholder, Kepemilikan Manajerial, Kepemilikan Institusional, dan Komite Audit terhadap Nilai Perusahaan

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-121
Author(s):  
Iwan Wirawardhana ◽  
Meco Sitardja
Keyword(s):  
Firm Value ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Institutional Ownership ◽  
Managerial Ownership ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of Blockholder Ownership, Managerial Ownership,Institutional Ownership, and Audit Committee towards Firm Value. The background of this research isthe agency theory and ownership theory. The population in this study are 46 property companies listedon the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2012-2016. By using purposive samplingtechnique, 35 companies are qualified as data samples. This research uses the random effect model asthe estimation model and multiple regression as the method of analysis. The results of this study showsthat Institutional Ownership has a positive effect on Firm Value. Meanwhile, Blockholder Ownership,Managerial Ownership, and Audit Committee have no effect on Firm Value. Moreover, the F-testimplies that the variables, blockholder ownership, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, andaudit committee, simultaneously influence firm value.

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