scholarly journals Scenario Studies on Effects of Soil Infiltration Rates, Land Slope, and Furrow Irrigation Characteristics on Furrow Irrigation-Induced Erosion

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jibrin M. Dibal ◽  
A. A. Ramalan ◽  
O. J. Mudiare ◽  
H. E. Igbadun
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Interaction Dynamics ◽  
Slope Steepness ◽  
Stream Size

Furrow irrigation proceeds under several soil-water-furrow hydraulics interaction dynamics. The soil erosion consequences from such interactions in furrow irrigation in Samaru had remained uncertain. A furrow irrigation-induced erosion (FIIE) model was used to simulate the potential severity of soil erosion in irrigated furrows due to interactive effects of infiltration rates, land slope, and some furrow irrigation characteristics under different scenarios. The furrow irrigation characteristics considered were furrow lengths, widths, and stream sizes. The model itself was developed using the dimensional analysis approach. The scenarios studied were the interactive effects of furrow lengths, furrow widths, and slopes steepness; infiltration rates and furrow lengths; and stream sizes, furrow lengths, and slopes steepness on potential furrow irrigation-induced erosion, respectively. The severity of FIIE was found to relate somewhat linearly with slope and stream size, and inversely with furrow lengths and furrow width. The worst soil erosion (378.05 t/ha/yr) was found as a result of the interactive effects of 0.65 m furrow width, 50 m furrow length, and 0.25% slope steepness; and the least soil erosion (0.013 t/ha/yr) was induced by the combined effects of 0.5 l/s, 200 m furrow length, and 0.05% slope steepness. Evidently considering longer furrows in furrow irrigation designs would be a better alternative of averting excessive FIIE.

scholarly journals Modelling Furrow Irrigation-Induced Erosion on a Sandy Loam Soil in Samaru, Northern Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jibrin M. Dibal ◽  
H. E. Igbadun ◽  
A. A. Ramalan ◽  
O. J. Mudiare
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
Time Flow ◽  
Stream Size

Assessment of soil erosion and sediment yield in furrow irrigation is limited in Samaru-Zaria. Data was collected in 2009 and 2010 and was used to develop a dimensionless model for predicting furrow irrigation-induced erosion (FIIE) using the dimensional analyses approach considering stream size, furrow length, furrow width, soil infiltration rate, hydraulic shear stress, soil erodibility, and time flow of water in the furrows as the building components. One liter of water-sediment samples was collected from the furrows during irrigations from which sediment concentrations and soil erosion per furrow were calculated. Stream sizes Q (2.5, 1.5, and 0.5 l/s), furrow lengths X (90 and 45 m), and furrow widths W (0.75 and 0.9 m) constituted the experimental factors randomized in a split plot design with four replications. Water flow into and out of the furrows was measured using cutthroat flumes. The model produced reasonable predictions relative to field measurements with coefficient of determination R2 in the neighborhood of 0.8, model prediction efficiency NSE (0.7000), high index of agreement (0.9408), and low coefficient of variability (0.4121). The model is most sensitive to water stream size. The variables in the model are easily measurable; this makes it better and easily adoptable.

Straw mulch impact on soil properties and initial soil erosion processes in the maize field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Dugan ◽  
Leon Josip Telak ◽  
Iva Hrelja ◽  
Ivica Kisić ◽  
Igor Bogunović
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Maize Field ◽  
Sediment Loss ◽  
Initial Soil

<p><strong>Straw mulch impact on soil properties and initial soil erosion processes in the maize field</strong></p><p>Ivan Dugan*, Leon Josip Telak, Iva Hrelja, Ivica Kisic, Igor Bogunovic</p><p>University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of General Agronomy, Zagreb, Croatia</p><p>(*correspondence to Ivan Dugan: [email protected])</p><p>Soil erosion by water is the most important cause of land degradation. Previous studies reveal high soil loss in conventionally managed croplands, with recorded soil losses high as 30 t ha<sup>-1</sup> under wide row cover crop like maize (Kisic et al., 2017; Bogunovic et al., 2018). Therefore, it is necessary to test environmentally-friendly soil conservation practices to mitigate soil erosion. This research aims to define the impacts of mulch and bare soil on soil water erosion in the maize (Zea mays L.) field in Blagorodovac, Croatia (45°33’N; 17°01’E; 132 m a.s.l.). For this research, two treatments on conventionally tilled silty clay loam Stagnosols were established, one was straw mulch (2 t ha<sup>-1</sup>), while other was bare soil. For purpose of research, ten rainfall simulations and ten sampling points were conducted per each treatment. Simulations were carried out with a rainfall simulator, simulating a rainfall at an intensity of 58 mm h<sup>-1</sup>, for 30 min, over 0.785 m<sup>2</sup> plots, to determine runoff and sediment loss. Soil core samples and undisturbed samples were taken in the close vicinity of each plot. The results showed that straw mulch mitigated water runoff (by 192%), sediment loss (by 288%), and sediment concentration (by 560%) in addition to bare treatment. The bare treatment showed a 55% lower infiltration rate. Ponding time was higher (p < 0.05) on mulched plots (102 sec), compared to bare (35 sec), despite the fact that bulk density, water-stable aggregates, water holding capacity, and mean weight diameter did not show any difference (p > 0.05) between treatments. The study results indicate that straw mulch mitigates soil water erosion, because it immediately reduces runoff, and enhances infiltration. On the other side, soil water erosion on bare soil under simulated rainstorms could be high as 5.07 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, when extrapolated, reached as high as 5.07 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>in this study. The conventional tillage, without residue cover, was proven as unsustainable agro-technical practice in the study area.</p><p><strong>Key words: straw mulch, </strong>rainfall simulation, soil water erosion</p><p><strong>Acknowledgment</strong></p><p>This work was supported by Croatian Science Foundation through the project "Soil erosion and degradation in Croatia" (UIP-2017-05-7834) (SEDCRO).</p><p><strong>Literature</strong></p><p>Bogunovic, I., Pereira, P., Kisic, I., Sajko, K., Sraka, M. (2018). Tillage management impacts on soil compaction, erosion and crop yield in Stagnosols (Croatia). Catena, 160, 376-384.</p><p>Kisic, I., Bogunovic, I., Birkás, M., Jurisic, A., Spalevic, V. (2017). The role of tillage and crops on a soil loss of an arable Stagnic Luvisol. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 63(3), 403-413.</p>

Interactive effects of food deprivation and exercise on reproductive function in female hamsters

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (1) ◽  
pp. R185-R190 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Powers ◽  
A. E. Jetton ◽  
G. N. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Estrous Cycles ◽  
Running Wheels ◽  
Estrous Behavior

Two experiments evaluated the combined effects of food deprivation and runningwheel access on estrous cycles and estrous behavior of female hamsters. In experiment 1, food deprivation on days 1 and 2 of the estrous cycle disrupted the next expected ovulation, and this effect was more, rather than less, robust in females allowed to exercise in running wheels while they were deprived. In experiment 2, a similar protocol was used except the females were ovariectomized and received sequential injections of estradiol benzoate (EB; 5 micrograms) and progesterone (P; 200 micrograms) separated by 48 h to induce lordosis, which was tested 4-5 after P. Food deprivation concomitant with hormonal treatment diminished lordosis durations, but this effect was significant only among the females that were permitted to run in activity wheels. Previous findings demonstrated that access to running wheels attenuated the inhibitory effects of short photoperiod exposure on hamster estrous cycles. In contrast, the present results indicate that this same manipulation exaggerates rather than diminishes the inhibitory effects of food deprivation on estrous cycles and hormone-induced behavioral estrus.

scholarly journals The Combined Effects of Increased pCO2 and Warming on a Coastal Phytoplankton Assemblage: From Species Composition to Sinking Rate

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Feng ◽  
Fei Chai ◽  
Mark L. Wells ◽  
Yan Liao ◽  
Pengfei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
Phytoplankton Assemblage ◽  
Pennate Diatom ◽  
Phytoplankton Species Composition ◽  
Diatom Abundance ◽  
Coastal Phytoplankton

In addition to ocean acidification, a significant recent warming trend in Chinese coastal waters has received much attention. However, studies of the combined effects of warming and acidification on natural coastal phytoplankton assemblages here are scarce. We conducted a continuous incubation experiment with a natural spring phytoplankton assemblage collected from the Bohai Sea near Tianjin. Experimental treatments used a full factorial combination of temperature (7 and 11°C) and pCO2 (400 and 800 ppm) treatments. Results suggest that changes in pCO2 and temperature had both individual and interactive effects on phytoplankton species composition and elemental stoichiometry. Warming mainly favored the accumulation of picoplankton and dinoflagellate biomass. Increased pCO2 significantly increased particulate organic carbon to particulate organic phosphorus (C:P) and particulate organic carbon to biogenic silica (C:BSi) ratios, and decreased total diatom abundance; in the meanwhile, higher pCO2 significantly increased the ratio of centric to pennate diatom abundance. Warming and increased pCO2 both greatly decreased the proportion of diatoms to dinoflagellates. The highest chlorophyll a biomass was observed in the high pCO2, high temperature phytoplankton assemblage, which also had the slowest sinking rate of all treatments. Overall, there were significant interactive effects of increased pCO2 and warming on dinoflagellate abundance, pennate diatom abundance, diatom vs. dinoflagellates ratio and the centric vs. pennate ratio. These findings suggest that future ocean acidification and warming trends may individually and cumulatively affect coastal biogeochemistry and carbon fluxes through shifts in phytoplankton species composition and sinking rates.

The interactive effects of stream temperature, stream size, and non-native species on Yellowstone cutthroat trout

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Al-Chokhachy ◽  
Mike Lien ◽  
Bradley B. Shepard ◽  
Brett High
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Stream Temperature ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarkii ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Stream Size ◽  
Native Salmonids

Climate change and non-native species are considered two of the biggest threats to native salmonids in North America. We evaluated how non-native salmonids and stream temperature and discharge were associated with Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri) distribution, abundance, and body size, to gain a more complete understanding of the existing threats to native populations. Allopatric Yellowstone cutthroat trout were distributed across a wide range of average August temperatures (3.2 to 17.7ºC), but occurrence significantly declined at colder temperatures (<10 ºC) with increasing numbers of non-natives. At warmer temperatures occurrence remained high, despite sympatry with non-natives. Yellowstone cutthroat trout relative abundance was significantly reduced with increasing abundance of non-natives, with the greatest impacts at colder temperatures. Body sizes of large Yellowstone cutthroat trout (90th percentile) significantly increased with warming temperatures and larger stream size, highlighting the importance of access to these more productive stream segments. Considering multiple population-level attributes demonstrates the complexities of how native salmonids (such as Yellowstone cutthroat trout) are likely to be affected by shifting climates.

scholarly journals Management of erosion hazard with the agro technology in watershed aie limau kambiang on the upper watershed tarusan

2018 ◽  
Vol 229 ◽  
pp. 04016
Author(s):  
Aprisal ◽  
Bambang Istijono ◽  
Reski Permata Sari
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Steep Slope ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Soil Loss Equation

One of the hazards of the erosion is soil infiltration capacity is decreased in the place of occurrence of erosion and increasing the volume of surface flow. It will also lead to the occurrence of the superficiality of the river due to the deposition of materials of soil erosion. These hazards need alternative agrotechnology which could reduce the rate of soil erosion. This research is to know the hazard of soil erosion in the upper watershed of the Aie Limau Kambiang and find out the alternative agrotechnology for reducing the soil erosion. This research was conducted. Soil samples collected was taken in purposive random sampling based on a unit of land. The data were analyzed using the universal soil loss equation. The research results of the largest erosion threat come from the land use of traditional gardens and plant density is low. The highest erosion 151,012.00 ton/ha/year was founded on the plantation blended that have a steep slope over 35% LS value of 9.5. The better of agrotechnology with increasing plant density, that could reduce erosion to 503.40 ton/ha/year. This means that the hazard of soil erosion could be controlled with land management and selected of the better agrotechnology.

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