scholarly journals Effect ofCymbopogon martinii, Foeniculum vulgare, andTrachyspermum ammiEssential Oils on the Growth and Mycotoxins Production byAspergillusSpecies

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negero Gemeda ◽  
Yimtubezinash Woldeamanuel ◽  
Daniel Asrat ◽  
Asfaw Debella
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Toxigenic Strains ◽  
Mammalian Toxicity

This study was performed to investigate effect of essential oils onAspergillusspore germination, growth, and mycotoxin production.In vitroantifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities ofCymbopogon martinii, Foeniculum vulgare,andTrachyspermum ammiessential oils were carried out on toxigenic strains ofAspergillusspecies. Plant materials were hydrodistilled for 4-5 h in Clevenger apparatus. 0.25 μL/mL, 0.5 μL/mL, 1 μL/mL, 2 μL/mL, and 4 μL/mL concentrations of each essential oil were prepared in 0.1% Tween 80 (V/V).T. ammioil showed highest antifungal activity. Absolute mycelial inhibition was recorded at 1 μL/mL by essential oils ofT. ammi. The oil also showed complete inhibition of spore germination at a concentration of 2 μL/mL. In addition,T. ammioil showed significant antiaflatoxigenic potency by totally inhibiting toxin production fromA. nigerandA. flavusat 0.5 and 0.75 μL/mL, respectively.C. martinii, F. vulgare,andT. ammioils as antifungals were found superior over synthetic preservative. Moreover, a concentration of 5336.297 μL/kg body weight was recorded for LC50 on mice indicating the low mammalian toxicity. In conclusion, the essential oils fromT. ammican be a potential source of safe natural food preservative for food commodities contamination byAspergillusspecies.

Evaluation of Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. stoechas L., Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata L. essential oils and their main components against sinusitis pathogens

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nursenem Karaca ◽  
Betül Demirci ◽  
Fatih Demirci
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mentha Spicata ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Lavandula Stoechas ◽  
Main Components

Abstract Lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas and Mentha spicata subsp. spicata are used for the treatment of sinusitis in Turkish folk medicine. The components of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation were determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Major components of L. stoechas and M. spicata oils were determined as camphor (46.7%) and carvone (60.6%), respectively. The antibacterial activity of essential oils and their main components were tested against the common selected sinusitis pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using in vitro agar diffusion, microdilution, and vapor diffusion methods. As a result, the tested plant materials, which are locally and natively used against sinusitis, were relatively mild antibacterial (in vitro MICs 310–1250 μg/mL) in action. To use essential oils and their components safely in sinusitis therapy, further detailed in vivo experiments are needed to support their efficacy.

Essential Oils of Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum and Their in Vitro Anti‐Arthritic Potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariangela Marrelli ◽  
Valentina Amodeo ◽  
Florinda Viscardi ◽  
Michele De Luca ◽  
Giancarlo Statti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare

scholarly journals Eravacycline, a novel tetracycline derivative, does not induce Clostridioides difficile infection in an in vitro human gut model

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
Anthony M Buckley ◽  
James Altringham ◽  
Emma Clark ◽  
Karen Bently ◽  
William Spittal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Abdominal Infections

Abstract Objectives The approval of new antibiotics is essential to combat infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens; however, such agents should be tested to determine their effect on the resident microbiota and propensity to select for opportunistic pathogens, such as Clostridioides difficile. Eravacycline is a new antibiotic for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Here, we determined the effects of eravacycline compared with moxifloxacin on the microbiota and if these were conducive to induction of C. difficile infection (CDI). Methods We seeded in vitro chemostat models, which simulate the physiological conditions of the human colon, with a human faecal slurry and instilled gut-reflective concentrations of either eravacycline or moxifloxacin. Results Eravacycline instillation was associated with decreased Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Clostridium species, which recovered 1 week after exposure. However, Bacteroides spp. levels decreased to below the limit of detection and did not recover prior to the end of the experiment. Post-eravacycline, a bloom of aerobic bacterial species occurred, including Enterobacteriaceae, compared with pre-antibiotic, which remained high for the duration of the experiment. These changes in microbiota were not associated with induction of CDI, as we observed a lack of C. difficile spore germination and thus no toxin was detected. Moxifloxacin exposure sufficiently disrupted the microbiota to induce simulated CDI, where C. difficile spore germination, outgrowth and toxin production were seen. Conclusions These model data suggest that, despite the initial impact of eravacycline on the intestinal microbiota, similar to clinical trial data, this novel tetracycline has a low propensity to induce CDI.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of essential oils from the apiaceae family, cytotoxicity, and their antifungal activity in vitro against candida species from oral cavity

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Vieira ◽  
C. L. Gonçalves ◽  
J. P. V. Villarreal ◽  
V. M. Gonçalves ◽  
R. G. Lund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Anethum Graveolens ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Main Components ◽  
L929 Mouse

Abstract The aims of this research were: evaluate the chemical composition and the cytotoxicity of the Cuminum cyminum (cumin), Anethum graveolens (dill), Pimpinella anisum (anise) and Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) essential oils, as well as their antifungal activity in vitro against ten Candida spp. isolates. The chemical composition of the oils was analyzed by means of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The cytotoxicity assays were performed, using the cell proliferation reagent WST-1 in L929 mouse fibroblasts (20x103 well-1). The determinate the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), was performed through the Broth Microdilution technique (CLSI). The chemical main components were the cuminaldehyde (32.66%) for cumin, carvone (34.89%) for the dill, trans-anethole (94.01%) for the anise and anethole (79.62%) for the fennel. Anise and fennel did not were cytotoxic in all the tested concentrations, however the cumin oil was cytotoxic in the concentration of 20 mg.mL-1 and the dill in the concentrations of 20 and 8 mg.mL-1. All yeasts were susceptible against the evaluated essential oils. Cumin presented the lowest MIC against yeasts. We concluded that all the essential oils presented inhibitory action against Candida spp., and C . cyminum, P. anisum and F. vulgare were not cytotoxic in the same minimum inhibitory concentrations for the fungi.

scholarly journals The Chemical Compositions of Essential Oils Derived from Cryptocarya alba and Laurelia sempervirens Possess Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antitumoral Activity Potential

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 5600
Author(s):  
Jorge Touma ◽  
Myriam Navarro ◽  
Betsabet Sepúlveda ◽  
Alequis Pavon ◽  
Gino Corsini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Antitumoral Activity ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Natural Medicine ◽  
Agar Disc

Cryptocarya alba (Peumo; CA) and Laurelia sempervirens (Laurel; LS) are herbs native to the Chilean highlands and have historically been used for medicinal purposes by the Huilliches people. In this work, the essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation in Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS to determine their composition. The antioxidant capacity (AC) was evaluated in vitro. The cytotoxicity was determined using cell line cultures both non tumoral and tumoral. The toxicity was determined using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against 52 bacteria using the agar disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined. The principal compounds found in C. alba essential oil (CA_EO) were α-terpineol (24.96%) and eucalyptol (21.63%) and were isazafrol (91.9%) in L. sempervirens essential oil (LS_EO). Both EOs showed antioxidant capacity in vitro. Both EO showed antibacterial activity against bacteria using. LS_EO showed more inhibitory effect on these cell lines respect to CA_EO. Both EOs showed toxicity against the nematode C.elegans at 3.12–50 mg/mL. The essential oils of CA and LS have an important bioactive potential in their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxicity activity. Both essential oils could possibly be used in the field of natural medicine, natural food preservation, cosmetics, sanitation and plaguicides among others.

scholarly journals Chemical profile, bactericidal in vitro potential and toxicity against Artemia salina Leach of essential oils obtained from natural condiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. e58310212898
Author(s):  
Thércia Gabrielle Teixeira Martins ◽  
Paulo Victor Serra Rosa ◽  
Ari Pereira de Araújo Neto ◽  
Ana Maria Almeida Silva Carvalho ◽  
Leila da Silva Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Chemical Profile ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Toxicity Assay ◽  
Plant Materials

Interest in essential oils and their food applications has grown due to the negative reaction of consumers to synthetic chemical additives intentionally added in industrialized products in order to increase their shelf life. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile, toxicity to Artemia salina Leach and antibacterial activity in vitro of essential oils obtained from natural condiments on bacteria of clinical and food importance. Plant material was obtained in the municipality of São Luís-MA. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation at 100 °C/3 h. Folin Ciocalteau methodology was performed for the determination of total phenolics. The toxicity assay was performed using the artemia salina Leach lethality bioassay. Antimicrobial activity followed the methodology described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute using the Broth Disc Diffusion and Dilution Method for the action of essential oils against the bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. The presence of bioactive classes in the plant materials used in this research was identified and the essential oils obtained were classified as nontoxic in the toxicity assay, presenting low lethality to the micro crustacean Artemia salina Leach. In the bactericidal activity assay, the essential oils of O. vulgare, T. vulgaris, C. zeylanicum showed significant results, classified as efficient against the microorganisms tested. Finally, the use of essential oils classified as active and nontoxic is highlighted in this study as alternatives in the control and combat of pathogenic microorganisms presenting a proposal of natural product with low cost of obtaining and high market potential.

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Activities of Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Assia El Khetabi ◽  
Said Ezrari ◽  
Lahsen El Ghadraoui ◽  
Abdessalem Tahiri ◽  
Lhoussain Ait Haddou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Ft Ir

After harvest, numerous plant pathogenic fungi can infect fresh fruits during transit and storage. Although synthetic fungicides are often used to manage postharvest fruit diseases, their application may lead to problems such as the development of fungicide resistance and residues on fruits. In the present study, the antifungal potential of nine commercial essential oils (EOs) extracted from Eucalyptus radiata ssp. radiata, Mentha pulegium, Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum compactum, Lavandula angustifolia, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris, Citrus aurantium, and Citrus sinensis were tested against the apple brown rot fungi Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena at different concentrations in vitro (against mycelial growth and spore germination) and in vivo (on detached apple fruit and in semi-commercial postharvest conditions). In addition, fruit quality parameters were evaluated and the composition of the EOs was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. In vitro results showed significant antifungal activity of all tested EOs on both fungal species. EOs from S. aromaticum were the most effective, whereby inhibition percentages ranged from 64.0 to 94.7% against M. laxa and from 63.9 to 94.4% against M. fructigena for the concentrations 12.5 and 100 µL/mL, respectively, with an EC50 of 6.74 µL/mL for M. laxa and 10.1 µL/mL for M. fructigena. The higher concentrations tested of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, C. aurantium, and C. sinensis EOs significantly reduced spore germination, brown rot incidence, and lesion diameter. Evaluation of the treatments during storage for 20 days at 4 °C on apple fruit quality parameters demonstrated the preservation of the fruit quality characteristics studied (weight loss, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, firmness, and maturity index). FT-IR spectra obtained from all tested EO samples presented characteristic peaks and a high diversity of functional groups such as O–H groups, C–H bonds, and C–C stretching. The EOs examined here may have the potential for controlling postharvest fungal diseases of fruit such as brown rot.

scholarly journals Effects of Four Essential Oils on Nutrients Digestibility of In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asih Kurniawati ◽  
Widodo Widodo ◽  
Wayan Tunas Artama ◽  
Lies Mira Yusiati
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Melaleuca Leucadendra

This research was done to study the effect of four essential oils (EOs), as feed additives, on ruminal nutrient digestibility in order to find out candidate of rumen modifier. Those four EOs were destilated from Foeniculum vulgare (Mill), Pinus merkusii (Jungh. & de Vriese), Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle and Melaleuca leucadendra (L.). Their effect on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) digestibility were studied using in vitro rumen fermentation technique according to Theodorou method. Data were statistically analysed using analysis of variance factorial 4x5 design. Feed for fermentation substrate consist of Pennisetum purpureum, rice bran and wheat pollard. Essential oil individually was added and mix with substrate to meet the final concentration in fermentation media of 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/l. P. merkusii, C. nardus and M. leucadendra EOs reduced DM, OM, and CF digestibilities. The decreasing were in line with the increasing of EOs doses. Therefore F. vulgare only reduced CF digestibility. The value of DM, OM and CP digestibilities in fermentation with F. vulgare did not differ from control. CP digestibility differed among EO treatments. In F. vulgare, and P. merkusii, treatments, CP digestibility did not differ from control, whereas overall CP digestibility in C. nardus tended to be higher than control and CP digestibility in M. leucadendra was significantly higher. All EOs addition reduced CF digestibility at all level. CF digestibility in fermentation added 800 mg/l of M. leucadendra EO was slumped to only 14.29% of control. Among four EOs M. leucadendra is the most potent on interrupt rumen feed fermentation whereas P. merkusii and C. nardus in moderate ways and F. vulgare in delicate manner.

scholarly journals Effects of Exposure of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotypes 027 and 001 to Fluoroquinolones in a Human Gut Model

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Saxton ◽  
Simon D. Baines ◽  
Jane Freeman ◽  
Rachael O'Connor ◽  
Mark H. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Ribotype 027 ◽  
Resistant Mutants ◽  
High Level ◽  
Pcr Ribotype 027

ABSTRACT The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection is increasing, with reports implicating fluoroquinolone use. A three-stage chemostat gut model was used to study the effects of three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin) on the gut microbiota and two epidemic C. difficile strains, strains of PCR ribotypes 027 and 001, in separate experiments. C. difficile total viable counts, spore counts, and cytotoxin titers were determined. The emergence of C. difficile isolates with reduced antibiotic susceptibility was monitored with fluoroquinolone-containing medium, and molecular analysis of the quinolone resistance-determining region was performed. C. difficile spores were quiescent in the absence of fluoroquinolones. Instillation of each fluoroquinolone led to C. difficile spore germination and high-level cytotoxin production. High-level toxin production occurred after detectable spore germination in all experiments except those with C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 and moxifloxacin, in which marked cytotoxin production preceded detectable germination, which coincided with isolate recovery on fluoroquinolone-containing medium. Three C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 isolates and one C. difficile PCR ribotype 001 isolate from fluoroquinolone-containing medium exhibited elevated MICs (80 to ≥180 mg/liter) and possessed mutations in gyrA or gyrB. These in vitro results suggest that all fluoroquinolones have the propensity to induce C. difficile infection, regardless of their antianaerobe activities. Resistant mutants were seen only following moxifloxacin exposure.

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