scholarly journals Effect of the Polydispersity of RBCs on the Recovery Rate of RBCs during the Removal of CPAs

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heyuan Qiao ◽  
Weiping Ding ◽  
Yuncong Ma ◽  
Sijie Sun ◽  
Dayong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Random Parameters ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Inactive Cell ◽  
Volume Cell ◽  
The Ideal

In the process of removing cryoprotectants from cryopreserved blood, the theoretically optimal operating condition, which is based on the assumption that the distribution of red blood cells is uniform, is often used to reduce or even avoid the hypotonic damage to cells. However, due to the polydispersity of cells, the optimal condition is actually not reliable. In this study, based on the discrete concept developed in our previous work, the effect of the polydispersity on the recovery rate of cells in the dilution-filtration system was statistically investigated by assigning three random parameters, isotonic cell volume, cell surface area, and osmotically inactive cell volume, to cells in small units of blood. The results show that, due to the polydispersity, the real recovery rate deviates from the ideal value that is based on uniform distribution. The deviation significantly increases with the standard errors of cell parameters, and it can be also magnified by high cryoprotectant concentrations. Under the effect of polydispersity, the uniform distribution-based optimized blood or diluent flow rate is not perfect. In practice, one should adopt a more conservative blood or diluent flow rate so that the hypotonic damage to cells can be further reduced.

scholarly journals Allanite at high temperature: effect of REE on the thermal behaviour of epidote-group minerals

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Diego Gatta ◽  
Francesco Pagliaro ◽  
Paolo Lotti ◽  
Alessandro Guastoni ◽  
Laura Cañadillas-Delgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Thermal Behaviour ◽  
Unit Cell Volume ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Elastic Behaviour ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Thermal Anisotropy ◽  
Different Temperatures

AbstractThe thermal behaviour of a natural allanite-(Ce) has been investigated up to 1073 K (at room pressure) by means of in situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and single-crystal neutron diffraction. Allanite preserves its crystallinity up to 1073 K. However, up to 700 K, the thermal behaviour along the three principal crystallographic axes, of the monoclinic β angle and of the unit-cell volume follow monotonically increasing trends, which are almost linear. At T > 700–800 K, a drastic change takes place: an inversion of the trend is observed along the a and b axes (more pronounced along b) and for the monoclinic β angle; in contrast, an anomalous increase of the expansion is observed along the c axis, which controls the positive trend experienced by the unit-cell volume at T > 700–800 K. Data collected back to room T, after the HT experiments, show unit-cell parameters significantly different with respect to those previously measured at 293 K: allanite responds with an ideal elastic behaviour up to 700 K, and at T > 700–800 K its behaviour deviates from the elasticity field. The thermo-elastic behaviour up to 700 K was modelled with a modified Holland–Powell EoS; for the unit-cell volume, we obtained the following parameters: VT0 = 467.33(6) Å3 and αT0(V) = 2.8(3) × 10–5 K−1. The thermal anisotropy, derived on the basis of the axial expansion along the three main crystallographic directions, is the following: αT0(a):αT0(b):αT0(c) = 1.08:1:1.36. The T-induced mechanisms, at the atomic scale, are described on the basis of the neutron structure refinements at different temperatures. Evidence of dehydroxylation effect at T ≥ 848 K are reported. A comparison between the thermal behaviour of allanite, epidote and clinozoisite is carried out.

scholarly journals The Enhancement of Pre-Storage Filtration Efficiency for the Rainwater Harvesting System in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 02015
Author(s):  
Yoong Sion Ong ◽  
Ken Sim Ong ◽  
Y.k. Tan ◽  
Azadeh Ghadimi
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
High Flow ◽  
High Flow Rate ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Filter Screen ◽  
Water Piping

A conventional design of rainwater harvesting system collects and directs the rainwater through water piping from roof of building to the water storage. The filtration system which locates before the water tank storage and first flush bypass system is the main focus of the research. A filtration system consists of a control volume of filter compartment, filter screen (stainless steel mesh) and water piping that direct the water flow. The filtration efficiency of an existing filter “3P Volume Filter VF1” by industrial company is enhanced. A full scale filter design prototype with filter screen of 1000 μm stainless steel metal mesh is tested to compare with the original filter system design. Three types of water inlet setups are tested. Among the proposed water inlet setups, the 90° inlet setup with extension provides the best filtration rate per unit time, following by the 45° inlet setup. The 45° and 90° inlet setup has similar filtration efficiency at low to medium flow rate while 45° inlet setup has better efficiency at high flow rate. The filtration efficiency with the 90° inlet setup with extension is observed to maintain at highest value at medium to high flow rate. The overall filtration performance achieved by the 90° inlet setup with extension at low to high flow rate is between 34.1 to 35.7%.

scholarly journals Flow fields associated with in situ mineral leaching

1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence K. Forbes ◽  
Anthony M. Watts ◽  
Graeme A. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Free Boundary ◽  
Numerical Method ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Flow Fields ◽  
Vertical Line ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Mineral Leaching

AbstractA simple model for underground mineral leaching is considered, in which liquor is injected into the rock at one point and retrieved from the rock by being pumped out at another point. In its passage through the rock, the liquor dissolves some of the ore of interest, and this is therefore recovered in solution. When the injection and recovery points lie on a vertical line, the region of wetted rock forms an axi-symmetric plume, the surface of which is a free boundary. We present an accurate numerical method for the solution of the problem, and obtain estimates for the maximum possible recovery rate of the liquor, as a fraction of the injected flow rate. Limiting cases are discussed, and other geometries for fluid recovery are considered.

Heklaite, KNaSiF6, a new fumarolic mineral from Hekla volcano, Iceland

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Garavelli ◽  
T. Balić-Žunić ◽  
D. Mitolo ◽  
P. Acquafredda ◽  
E. Leonardsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Quantitative Chemical Analysis ◽  
Unit Cell Parameters ◽  
Orthorhombic Space Group ◽  
Synthetic Compound ◽  
Calculated Density ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractHeklaite, with the ideal formula KNaSiF6, was found among fumarolic encrustations collected in 1992 on the Hekla volcano, Iceland. Heklaite forms a fine-grained mass of micron- to sub-micron-sized crystals intimately associated with malladrite, hieratite and ralstonite. The mineral is colourless, transparent, non-fluorescent, has a vitreous lustre and a white streak. The calculated density is 2.69 g cm–3. An SEM-EDS quantitative chemical analysis shows the following range of concentrations (wt.%): Na 11.61–12.74 (average 11.98), K 17.02–18.97 (average 18.29), Si 13.48 –14.17 (average 13.91), F 54.88–56.19 (average 55.66). The empirical chemical formula, calculated on the basis of 9 a.p.f.u., is Na1.07K0.96Si1.01F5.97. X-ray powder diffraction indicates that heklaite is orthorhombic, space group Pnma, with the following unit-cell parameters: a = 9.3387(7) Å, b = 5.5032(4) Å, c = 9.7957(8) Å , V = 503.43(7) Å3, Z = 4. The eight strongest reflections in the powder diffraction pattern [d in Å (I/I0) (hkl)] are: 4.33 (53) (102); 4.26 (56) (111); 3.40 (49) (112); 3.37 (47) (202); 3.34 (100) (211); 2.251 (27) (303); 2.050 (52) (123); 2.016 (29) (321). On the basis of chemical analyses and X-ray data, heklaite corresponds to the synthetic compound KNaSiF6. The name is for the type locality, the Hekla volcano, Iceland.

X-ray powder diffraction data for tetrazene nitrate monohydrate, C2H9N11O4

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
J. Maixner ◽  
J. Ryšavý
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Unit Cell Volume ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Powder Diffraction Data ◽  
Unit Cell Parameters ◽  
Space Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for tetrazene nitrate monohydrate, C2H9N11O4, are reported [a = 5.205(1) Å, b = 13.932(3) Å, c = 14.196(4) Å, β = 97.826(3)°, unit-cell volume V = 1019.8(4) Å3, Z = 4, and space group P21/c]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21/c space group. No detectable impurities were observed.

Arrheniusite-(Ce), CaMg[(Ce7Y3)Ca5](SiO4)3(Si3B3O18)(AsO4)(BO3)F11, a New Member of the Vicanite Group, from the Östanmossa Mine, Norberg, Sweden

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Holtstam ◽  
Luca Bindi ◽  
Paola Bonazzi ◽  
Hans-Jürgen Förster ◽  
Ulf B. Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Structure Refinement ◽  
New Mineral ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Unit Cell Parameters ◽  
Calculated Density ◽  
Epma Data ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Greenish Yellow ◽  
The Ideal

ABSTRACT Arrheniusite-(Ce) is a new mineral (IMA 2019-086) from the Östanmossa mine, one of the Bastnäs-type deposits in the Bergslagen ore region, Sweden. It occurs in a metasomatic F-rich skarn, associated with dolomite, tremolite, talc, magnetite, calcite, pyrite, dollaseite-(Ce), parisite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(Ce), fluorbritholite-(Ce), and gadolinite-(Nd). Arrheniusite-(Ce) forms anhedral, greenish-yellow translucent grains, exceptionally up to 0.8 mm in diameter. It is optically uniaxial (–), with ω = 1.750(5), ε = 1.725(5), and non-pleochroic in thin section. The calculated density is 4.78(1) g/cm3. Arrheniusite-(Ce) is trigonal, space group R3m, with unit-cell parameters a = 10.8082(3) Å, c = 27.5196(9) Å, and V = 2784.07(14) Å3 for Z = 3. The crystal structure was refined from X-ray diffraction data to R1 = 3.85% for 2286 observed reflections [Fo > 4σ(Fo)]. The empirical formula for the fragment used for the structural study, based on EPMA data and results from the structure refinement, is: (Ca0.65As3+0.35)Σ1(Mg0.57Fe2+0.30As5+0.10Al0.03)Σ1[(Ce2.24Nd2.13La0.86Gd0.74Sm0.71Pr0.37)Σ7.05(Y2.76Dy0.26Er0.11Tb0.08Tm0.01Ho0.04Yb0.01)Σ3.27Ca4.14]Σ14.46(SiO4)3[(Si3.26B2.74)Σ6O17.31F0.69][(As5+0.65Si0.22P0.13)Σ1O4](B0.77O3)F11; the ideal formula obtained is CaMg[(Ce7Y3)Ca5](SiO4)3(Si3B3O18)(AsO4)(BO3)F11. Arrheniusite-(Ce) belongs to the vicanite group of minerals and is distinct from other isostructural members mainly by having a Mg-dominant, octahedrally coordinated site (M6); it can be considered a Mg-As analog to hundholmenite-(Y). The threefold coordinated T5 site is partly occupied by B, like in laptevite-(Ce) and vicanite-(Ce). The mineral name honors C.A. Arrhenius (1757–1824), a Swedish officer and chemist, who first discovered gadolinite-(Y) from the famous Ytterby pegmatite quarry.

Research and Application of Multi-Slug and Equi-Fluidity Oil Displacement Mechanism

2015 ◽  
Vol 733 ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Jiang Min Zhao ◽  
Tian Ge Li
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Displacement Efficiency ◽  
Displacement Method ◽  
Oil Displacement ◽  
Oil Displacement Efficiency ◽  
Swept Volume

In this paper, several aspects of the improvement of the oil recovery were analyzed theoretically based on the mechanism that equi-fluidity enhances the pressure gradient. These aspects include the increase of the flow rate and the recovery rate, of the swept volume, and of the oil displacement efficiency. Also, based on the actual situation, the author designed the oil displacement method with gathered energy equi-fluidity, realizing the expectation of enhancing oil recovery with multi-slug and equi-fluidity oil displacement method.

X-ray powder diffraction data for copper(II), bis[(2E)-3-methoxy-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)imino]-4-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)imino-κN]-3-pentanolato-κO] complex

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-298
Author(s):  
R. Pažout ◽  
J. Maixner ◽  
A.S. Jones ◽  
J. Merna
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Unit Cell Volume ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Powder Diffraction Data ◽  
Unit Cell Parameters ◽  
Space Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for a new bis(β-diiminato) Cu(II) complex, C44H54CuN4O4, are reported [a = 8.683(3) Å, b = 11.216(3) Å, c = 11.753(4) Å, α = 66.27(3), β = 84.61(3), γ = 78.85(3), unit-cell volume V = 1027.77 Å3, Z = 1, and space group P-1]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P-1 space group. No detectable impurity was observed.

Alteration of the erythrocyte ultrastructure and blood viscosity by morphine

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Vadas ◽  
E. A. Hosein
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Plasma Viscosity ◽  
Cell Geometry ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Mean Cell Volume ◽  
Morphine Administration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Volume Cell

The effects of acute morphine administration on intact erythrocytes and on their flow properties were studied by measuring the mean cell volume, cell geometry, and whole blood and plasma viscosities. Morphine caused a small (2–7%) increase in mean cell volume. Changes in cell geometry were found to be time dependent and most pronounced in concave portions of the red cells. Whole blood viscosity was found to decrease upon morphine treatment; this may be due in part to a concurrent decrease in plasma viscosity.

X-ray powder diffraction data for deoxyschisandrin

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li Zhang ◽  
Qing Qing Pan ◽  
Dan Xiao ◽  
Xiao Qing Wu ◽  
Qing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Unit Cell Volume ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Powder Diffraction Data ◽  
Unit Cell Parameters ◽  
Space Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for deoxyschisandrin, C24H32O6, are reported [a = 13.083(3) Å, b = 19.563(9) Å, c = 8.805(6) Å, β = 90.472(0)°, unit-cell volume V = 2253.82 Å3, Z = 4, and space group P21]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21 space group. No detectable impurity was observed.

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