scholarly journals The Importance of the Ionic Product for Water to Understand the Physiology of the Acid-Base Balance in Humans

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
María M. Adeva-Andany ◽  
Natalia Carneiro-Freire ◽  
Cristóbal Donapetry-García ◽  
Eva Rañal-Muíño ◽  
Yosua López-Pereiro
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Electrical Neutrality ◽  
Ionic Product ◽  
Base Balance

Human plasma is an aqueous solution that has to abide by chemical rules such as the principle of electrical neutrality and the constancy of the ionic product for water. These rules define the acid-base balance in the human body. According to the electroneutrality principle, plasma has to be electrically neutral and the sum of its cations equals the sum of its anions. In addition, the ionic product for water has to be constant. Therefore, the plasma concentration of hydrogen ions depends on the plasma ionic composition. Variations in the concentration of plasma ions that alter the relative proportion of anions and cations predictably lead to a change in the plasma concentration of hydrogen ions by driving adaptive adjustments in water ionization that allow plasma electroneutrality while maintaining constant the ionic product for water. The accumulation of plasma anions out of proportion of cations induces an electrical imbalance compensated by a fall of hydroxide ions that brings about a rise in hydrogen ions (acidosis). By contrast, the deficiency of chloride relative to sodium generates plasma alkalosis by increasing hydroxide ions. The adjustment of plasma bicarbonate concentration to these changes is an important compensatory mechanism that protects plasma pH from severe deviations.

scholarly journals The 100th anniversary of pH (1909-2009). Negative logarithms for measuring hydrogen ions: are they essential in medicine? Part I

2013 ◽  
pp. 147-155
Author(s):  
Francesco Sgambato ◽  
Sergio Prozzo ◽  
Ester Sgambato ◽  
Rosa Sgambato ◽  
Luca Milano
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Ph Scale

Introduction: It has been 100 years since the concept of pH (1909-2009) was ‘‘invented’’ by the Danish chemist-mathematician Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen (1868-1939) in the chemistry laboratories of the Carlsberg Brewery in Copenhagen. The anniversary provides an opportunity to examine the crucial importance in human life of acid-base balance. Materials and methods: The authors review the historical process that led to the creation of the pH scale, with citation of passages from the original work of Sørensen published 100 years ago. This is followed by a critical analysis of the debate regarding the use of logarithmstomeasure hydrogen ion concentrations based on data from scientific papers published over the past 50 years (1960-2010). Results and discussion: The authors conclude that the concept of acid-base balance can be approached and taught in a simpler, more exciting, and even pleasant fashion without using the infamous and abstruse Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The whole rationale underlying the understanding and clinical application of this vital topic is clearly and unquestionably inherent simpler, more manageable formula introduced by Henderson (without logs), which is useful and quite adequate for use in medical education.

Acid-base disorders in calves with chronic diarrhea

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bednarski ◽  
R. Kupczyński ◽  
P. Sobiech
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Chronic Diarrhea ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Classic Model ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze disorders of acid-base balance in calves with chronic diarrhea caused by mixed, viral, bacterial andCryptosporydium parvuminfection. We compared results obtained with the classic model (Henderson-Hasselbalch) and strong ion approach (the Steward model). The study included 36 calves aged between 14 and 21 days. The calves were allocated to three groups: I – (control) non-diarrheic calves, group II – animals with compensated acid-base imbalance and group III calves with compensated acid-base disorders and hypoalbuminemia. Plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl−, Cl2+, Mg2+, P, albumin and lactate were measured. In the classic model, acid-base balance was determined on the basis of blood pH, pCO2, HCO3−, BE and anion gap. In the strong ion model, strong ion difference (SID), effective strong anion difference, total plasma concentration of nonvolatile buffers (ATot) and strong ion gap (SIG) were measured.The control calves and the animals from groups II and III did not differ significantly in terms of their blood pH. The plasma concentration of HCO3−, BE and partial pressure of CO2 in animals from the two groups with chronic diarrhea were significantly higher than those found in the controls. The highest BE (6.03 mmol/l) was documented in calves from group II. The animals from this group presented compensation resulted from activation of metabolic mechanisms. The calves with hypoalbuminemia (group III) showed lower plasma concentrations of albumin (15.37 g/L), Cl−(74.94 mmol/L), Mg2+(0.53 mmol/L), P (1.41 mmol/L) and higher value of anion gap (39.03 mmol/L). This group III presented significantly higher SID3(71.89 mmol/L), SID7(72.92 mmol/L) and SIG (43.53 mmol/L) values than animals from the remaining groups (P<0.01), whereas ATot(6.82 mmol/L) were significantly lower. The main finding of the correlation study was the excellent relationship between the AGcorrand SID3, SID7, SIG. In conclusion, chronic diarrhea leads to numerous water-electrolyte disorders. Characterization of acid-base disturbance in these cases suggests that classic model have some limitations. This model can not be recommended for use whenever serum albumin or phosphate concentrations are markedly abnormal.

Furosemide and cerebrospinal fluid ions during acute respiratory acidosis

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Javaheri ◽  
J. F. Freidel ◽  
P. J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Group I ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Group Ii

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of furosemide, an inhibitor of NaCl cotransport, on cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acid-base balance during acute respiratory acidosis (ARA). We measured blood and CSF acid-base variables in two groups (n = 7 in each) of anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated dogs with bilateral ligation of renal pedicles (to eliminate saluresis). After base-line samples were obtained (-1 h), furosemide (50 mg/kg) was administered intravenously within 15 min (group II); group I received an equal volume of half-normal saline. ARA was induced 1 h later (0 h) and arterial CO2 tension was maintained between 55 and 60 Torr for 5 h. Mean cisternal CSF PCO2 was 42.8 +/- 2.6 and 39.5 +/- 1.7 Torr, respectively in groups I and II and rose approximately 20 Torr during ARA. In group I, CSF [HCO3-] was 22.0 +/- 1.0, 24.8 +/- 0.6, and 25.4 +/- 1.6 meq/l, respectively at 0, 2.5, and 5 h. Respective values for group II were 22.2 +/- 1.3, 24.3 +/- 1.8, and 24.6 +/- 1.0 meq/l. These values were not significantly different from each other. In each group, CSF [Na+-Cl-] increased significantly during ARA, but the changes were not significantly different when the two groups were compared. We conclude that furosemide at the dose used in the present study does not change ionic composition and acid-base balance of cisternal CSF compared with control. Because changes in CSF [Na+-Cl-] during ARA were similar in both groups, any inhibition of Cl- influx into CSF by furosemide should have been proportional to that of Na+.

Ionic mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid acid-base regulation

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Nattie
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Ionic Mechanisms ◽  
Relationship Of

This review emphasizes the importance of strong ions in the regulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acid-base balance. In a solution like CSF that is devoid of nonbicarbonate buffers. [H+] and [HCO-3] are dependent variables, the independent variables being the CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) and the strong ion difference. Any measureable changes in CSF [HCO-3] and any change in [H+] that occur independent of changes in PCO2 must be accompanied by, if not caused by, changes in strong ions. The role of H+ and HCO-3 vs. strong ions in the ionic mechanisms of CSF acid-base regulation is unknown. For example, these mechanisms could depend only on changes in strong ions that accompany acid-base disorders, or they could be triggered by changes in [H+] or PCO2. These ideas are presented within the context of current concepts concerning the relationship of CSF to brain interstitial fluid (ISF) and the importance of choroid plexus and blood-brain barrier mechanisms in determining CSF and ISF ionic composition. Studies concerning CSF strong ions in normal and abnormal acid-base states are reviewed.

scholarly journals Physiology of acid-base balance in bovines with diarrhea backgrounds from Monteria, Colombia

2015 ◽  
pp. 4591-4601
Author(s):  
César Betancur H ◽  
Yordan Martínez A ◽  
Luis Cruz M
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Newborn Calves ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
Direct Inspection

ABSTRACTObjective. Evaluate the acid-base balance (ABB) in bovines with diarrheic backgrounds in four areas of Montería, Colombia. Materials and methods. From a total of 300 pregnant cows, 60 were selected with their newborns. A direct inspection was performed of vital signs on the calves and the ABB indicators were determined using a gasometric method. Data were processed by means of descriptive statistics and the Duncan test was used to differentiate between the averages. The degree of association was established between the ABB indicators in cows and calves by using the Pearson correlation and a comparison of proportions was performed on the indexes of the newborns. Results. Regarding the cows, the ABB indicators were found within the reference values; however, in the calves the pH, pCO2, HCO3-, the anion gap (AG) and the bases excess (BE) varied. A correlation was found between AG, BE and metabolic hydrogen ions (M*H). The AG in cows and calves showed notable differences (p<0.05) among the farms in the study. According to the numeric classification system, the suction reflect indicated a greater percentage of calves in group one. Conclusions. The ABB analyte measurement in cows was similar to the consulted reference; however, in calves some analytes did not coincide. This suggests metabolic acidosis in newborn calves due to the increase of AG and the decrease of BE. Additionally, its correlation with M*H opens the possibility of new proposals to determine ABB in bovines.RESUMENObjetivo. Evaluar el equilibrio ácido-básico (EAB) en bovinos con antecedentes diarreicos de cuatro zonas de Montería, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. De un total de 300 vacas preñadas se seleccionaron 60 vacas y sus recién nacidos. Se realizó una inspección directa de los signos vitales en terneros y los indicadores del EAB se determinaron mediante técnica gasométrica. Los datos se procesaron mediante estadística descriptiva y para la diferencia entre medias se empleó la prueba de Duncan. El grado de asociación se estableció entre los indicadores del EAB en vacas y terneros mediante la correlación de Pearson y una comparación de proporciones se realizó en los índices del recién nacido. Resultados. En las vacas, los indicadores del EAB se encontraron dentro de los valores de referencia; sin embargo, en los terneros varió el pH, pCO2, HCO3-, la brecha aniónica (AG) y el excesode bases (EB). Se encontró correlación entre AG, EB e hidrogeniones metabólicos (H+M). El AG envacas y terneros indicó diferencias notables (p<0.05) entre las fincas de estudio. De acuerdo con elsistema de calificación numérica, el signo reflejo de succión indicó el mayor porcentaje de terneros enel grupo uno. Conclusiones. La medición de los analitos del EAB en vacas fue similar a la referenciaconsultada; sin embargo, en terneros no coincidió con algunos analitos. Se sugiere acidosis metabólicaen los terneros recién nacidos por el aumento del AG y descenso del EB, además, su correlación conlos H+M abre la posibilidad de nuevas propuestas para la determinación del EAB en bovinos.

The oldest evolutionary mechanism by pregnancy

2018 ◽  
pp. 89-91
Author(s):  
S.St. Leush ◽  
◽  
O.S. Zagorodnia ◽  
S.V. Osadchuk ◽  
A.S. Demianenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Alkaline Reaction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
The Stability

The article deals with the role of acid-base balance as the most evolutionarily long-standing mechanism of homeostasis regulation and its features by pregnancy. The objective: to determine the features of acid-base balance in pregnant women with vomiting in first trimester. Materials and methods. 109 pregnant women in the first and second trimester were examined, they were divided into 2 groups – 58 pregnant women in the first trimester had vomiting with different degrees of severity, and 51 pregnant women in group II had no complains in first trimester. In all subjects twice, in terms of 10–11 and 20–21 weeks, the hydrogen index, the concentration of carbonate-ion and the partial pressure of CO2 in the plasma were determined. Results. It is proved by biochemical calculations, that the statistically unlikely shift of Ph to the alkaline reaction observed with the progression of pregnancy is based on a significant difference in the absolute concentration of hydrogen ions. These changes are necessary for the adequate transport of ions through the membranes of the developing placental system. Despite the loss of electrolytes in women with early gestosis, these changes do not go beyond the limits of physiological. Conclusion. 1. Pregnant patients with vomiting during first weeks of pregnancy, despite the loss of fluid and electrolytes, maintain the stability of the acid-base balance with a slight tendency to alkalosis. 2. Pregnant women without first trimester complains do not have described moderate plasma alkalisation, whose physiological role requires further observation and research. Key words: concentration of hydrogen ions, alkalosis, vomiting in first pregnancy trimester.

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