scholarly journals T CD3+CD8+Lymphocytes Are More Susceptible for Apoptosis in the First Trimester of Normal Human Pregnancy

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Darmochwal-Kolarz ◽  
Ewelina Sobczak ◽  
Piotr Pozarowski ◽  
Bogdan Kolarz ◽  
Jacek Rolinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Flow Cytometric Method ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Lower Ratio

Aims.Normal human pregnancy is a complex process of many immunoregulatory mechanisms which protect fetus from the activation of the maternal immune system. The aim of the study was to investigate the apoptosis of lymphocytes in peripheral blood of normal pregnant patients and healthy nonpregnant women.Methods.Sixty pregnant women and 17 nonpregnant women were included in the study. Lymphocytes were isolated and labeled with anti-CD3, anti-CD4, and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies. Apoptosis was detected by CMXRos staining and analyzed using the flow cytometric method.Results.We found significantly higher apoptosis of total lymphocytes in peripheral blood of pregnant patients when compared to healthy nonpregnant women. The percentage of apoptotic T CD3+CD8+cells in the first trimester was significantly higher when compared to the third trimester of normal pregnancy. The ratio of T CD3+CD4+ : T CD3+CD8+apoptotic lymphocytes was significantly lower in the first trimester when compared to other trimesters of pregnancy and to both of the phases of the menstrual cycle.Conclusions.The higher apoptosis of T CD3+CD8+lymphocytes and the lower ratio of T CD3+CD4+ : T CD3+CD8+apoptotic cells in the first trimester of normal pregnancy may suggest a higher susceptibility of T CD3+CD8+cells for apoptosis as a protective mechanism at the early stage of pregnancy.

scholarly journals P-3 
Changes on pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in peripheral blood during normal human pregnancy

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 344-344
Author(s):  
Tani Anna ◽  
Nakajima Ayako ◽  
Kinoshita Dan ◽  
Kasai Yuka ◽  
Yamamoto Satoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Cytokine Responses ◽  
Normal Human

Calcium-regulating hormones and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in normal human pregnancy and postpartum: a longitudinal study

1997 ◽  
pp. 402-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Ardawi ◽  
HA Nasrat ◽  
HS BA'Aqueel
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone Related Peptide

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate calcium-regulating hormones and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) in normal human pregnancy and postpartum in women not deficient in vitamin D. DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in pregnant Saudi women during the course of pregnancy (n = 40), at term and 6 weeks postpartum (n = 18). Maternal concentrations of serum calcidiol and calcitriol were determined, together with those of serum intact-parathyroid hormone (PTH), PTHrP, calcitonin, osteocalcin, human placental lactogen (hPL), prolactin, vitamin D binding protein, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphate and magnesium. A group of non-pregnant women (n = 280) were included for comparative purposes. RESULTS: The calcidiol concentrations decreased (mean +/- S.D.) significantly from 54 +/- 10 nmol/l in the first trimester to 33 +/- 8 nmol/l in the third trimester (P < 0.001) and remained decreased at term and postpartum (both P < 0.001). The calcitriol concentration increased through pregnancy, from 69 +/- 17 pmol/l in the first trimester to 333 +/- 83 pmol/l at term (P < 0.001). Intact-PTH concentrations increased from 1.31 +/- 0.25 pmol/l in the first trimester to 2.26 +/- 0.39 pmol/l in the second trimester, but then declined to values of the first trimester and increased significantly postpartum (4.02 +/- 0.36 pmol/l) (P < 0.001). PTHrP concentration increased through pregnancy from 0.81 +/- 0.12 pmol/l in the first trimester to 2.01 +/- 0.22 pmol/l at term and continued its increase postpartum (2.63 +/- 0.15 pmol/l) (P < 0.001). Significant positive correlations were evident between PTHrP and alkaline phosphatase up to term (r = 0.051, P < 0.001) and between PTHrP and calcitriol (r = 0.46, P < 0.001), osteocalcin (r = 0.23, P < 0.05) and prolactin (r = 0.41, P < 0.05) during pregnancy. Osteocalcin started to increase from 0.13 +/- 0.01 nmol/l in the second trimester, through pregnancy and postpartum (P < 0.001). Calcitonin was increased more than twofold by the second trimester compared with the first trimester (P < 0.001) and subsequently decreased (P < 0.001). Prolactin concentrations were significantly greater in the second (6724 +/- 1459 pmol/l) and third (8394 +/- 2086 pmol/l) trimesters compared with values before pregnancy (P < 0.001). hPL, increased throughout the course of pregnancy, reaching a maximum at term (7.61 +/- 2.57 microIU/ml). There was no direct correlation between serum calcitriol concentrations during pregnancy and serum prolactin (r = -0.12, P < 0.19) or serum hPL (r = 0.17, P < 0.21). Significant changes were observed in the serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate, but not in that of magnesium, during the course of pregnancy; calcium concentrations showed a maximal decrease at term. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in serum PTHrP during the course of pregnancy, at term and postpartum have been demonstrated, suggesting that the placenta (during pregnancy) and mammary glands (postpartum) are the main sources of PTHrP. No support for the concept of 'physiological hyperparathyroidism' of pregnancy could be demonstrated in the present work. The pregnancy-induced increase in calcitriol concentration may thus be the primary mediator of the changes in maternal calcium metabolism, but the involvement of other factors cannot be excluded.

scholarly journals Multimodal immune phenotyping of maternal peripheral blood in normal human pregnancy

JCI Insight ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Apps ◽  
Yuri Kotliarov ◽  
Foo Cheung ◽  
Kyu Lee Han ◽  
Jinguo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Maternal Peripheral Blood ◽  
Immune Phenotyping ◽  
Normal Human

Changes in calciotrophic hormones and biochemical markers of bone turnover in normal human pregnancy

1994 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J Gallacher ◽  
William D Fraser ◽  
Owen J Owens ◽  
Frances J Dryburgh ◽  
Fraser C Logue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Markers Of Bone Turnover ◽  
Normal Human

Gallacher SJ, Fraser WD, Owens OJ, Dryburgh FJ, Logue FC, Jenkins A, Kennedy J, Boyle IT. Changes in calciotrophic hormones and biochemical markers of bone turnover in normal human pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:369–74. ISSN 0804–4643 Plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and albumin-adjusted calcium were measured along with nephrogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (NcAMP) in 10 normal women longitudinally through pregnancy. In addition, an assessment of bone resorption was made in these same subjects by the measurement in true fasting urine specimens of the calcium/creatinine ratio (Ca/Cr), hydroxyproline/ creatinine ratio (HP/Cr), pyridinoline/creatinine ratio (Pyr/Cr) and deoxypyridinoline/creatinine ratio (Dpyr/Cr). The PTHrP level rose through pregnancy from (mean±sem) 0.8 ± 0.2 pmol/l in the first trimester to 2.7 ± 0.2 pmol/l 6 weeks postpartum (p < 0.0001). Serum alkaline phosphatase rose from 94 ± 8 U/l (first trimester) to 347 ± 25 U/l at term (p < 0.0001). A significant positive correlation was evident between PTHrP and alkaline phosphatase up to term (r = 0.44, p < 0.005). Parathyroid hormone concentrations remained unchanged during pregnancy but rose significantly postpartum from 1.8 ± 0.2 pmol/l (first trimester) to 3.1 ± 0.5 pmol/l (p < 0.0001). Similarly, osteocalcin, a marker of bone formative activity, remained unchanged through pregnancy but rose significantly at 6 weeks after delivery to 0.38 ± 0.05 nmol/l from 0.19 ± 0.03 nmol/l (first trimester) (p = 0.019). No significant change was noted in serum-adjusted calcium or NcAMP, either through pregnancy or at the postpartum assessment. Fasting urinary Ca/Cr fell through pregnancy from 0.70 ± 0.11 (first trimester) to a nadir of 0.19 ± 0.04 6 weeks postpartum (p = 0.007). Fasting urinary HP/Cr rose from 0.026 ± 0.003 (first trimester) to a peak of 0.049 ± 0.012 (third trimester), thereafter falling to 0.024 ± 0.002 6 weeks after delivery. Fasting urinary Pyr/Cr rose from 30.5 ± 1.7 (first trimester) to a peak of 58.3 ± 6.6 (term) (p = 0.009); Dpyr/Cr also increased through pregnancy from 9.9 ± 1.3 (first trimester) to 16.1 ± 1.7 (term) (p = 0.01). Previous studies have suggested that the placenta (during pregnancy) and breast milk (postpartum) are the main sources of PTHrP in pregnancy. This study illustrates that changes in plasma concentrations of PTHrP also can be demonstrated— although whether or not circulating PTHrP has a specific endocrine function is not clear. SJ Gallacher, University Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK

Plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide during normal human pregnancy and the postpartum period

1994 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Yoshimura ◽  
M Yoshimura ◽  
H Yasue ◽  
M Ito ◽  
H Okamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Term Pregnancy ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Normal Human

Abstract Increases in blood volume are observed during normal gestation and these are reversed shortly after delivery. Although both atrial (A-type) natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP) have been described, the role of these peptides in pregnancy and the postpartum period are unclear. This study was designed to examine the effects of pregnancy, labour and delivery on plasma levels of ANP and BNP. Plasma levels of ANP and BNP were determined during normal pregnancy, 30 min after separation of the placenta (immediately postpartum) and between 5 and 72 h postpartum (late postpartum; puerperium). Since the assay sensitivity was 20 pg/ml plasma (for both ANP and BNP), values less than this were assigned a value of 20 pg/ml to calculate means. Plasma levels of ANP and BNP were significantly higher at term pregnancy than during the first trimester (ANP increased from 20 ± 0·2 to 57 ± 10 pg/ml (s.e.m.), P<0·001; BNP increased from 25 ± 2 to 49 ± 9 pg/ml, P<0·01). The plasma level of ANP then rose to 157 ± 38 pg/ml 30 min after separation of the placenta, being significantly (P<0·01) higher than that seen at term pregnancy. It declined significantly (P<0·001) to 32 ± 3 pg/ml in the late postpartum period. In contrast, the plasma level of BNP 30 min after separation of the placenta was 80 ± 25 pg/ml, and increased to 116 ± 17 pg/ml in the late postpartum period, significantly (P<0·01) higher than the level at term pregnancy. We conclude that ANP and BNP may play a role in controlling blood volume during normal human pregnancy at term and during transition to the postpartum period. Changes in ANP immediately postpartum and BNP in the later postpartum period appear to be differentially regulated. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 140, 393–397

PLASMA 20α-DIHYDROPROGESTERONE, PROGESTERONE AND 17-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE IN NORMAL HUMAN PREGNANCY

1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 634-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Florensa ◽  
Robert Harrison ◽  
Michael Johnson ◽  
Ezat Youssefnejadian
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
17 Hydroxyprogesterone

ABSTRACT The peripheral plasma levels of 20α-dihydroprogesterone (20α-DHP), progesterone (P) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were measured by radioimmuoassay techniques in 440 samples during normal human pregnancy between weeks 4 and 41. The levels of 20α-DHP in plasma from the 4th to the 6th week were between 6.0 and 6.6 ng/ml. From then until the 21st week the average plasma 20α-DHP concentrations remained at the same level between 4.0 and 6.3 ng/ml; they then rose significantly to and beyond term, levels reaching over 40 ng/ml. The range of mean plasma concentration of P during the first trimester of pregnancy fell to a nadir in the 9th week (170 ng/ml) then rose with increased gestation until the 39th week (190.4 ng/ml) followed by a slight and not significant drop. Single measurements of plasma 17-OHP from the 4th to the 6th week of pregnancy gave value between 2.8 and 3.6 ng/ml, but from the 7th week the mean plasma 17-OHP levels gradually declined, then from week 30 the 17-OHP concentration increased to reach a mean level of 7.63 ng/ml in the 41st week. The ratio P/20α-DHP increased from the 4th (3.5:1) to the 24th week (15.6:1) and then decreased from the 25th week (7.9:1) towards term (3.2:1).

The Conjugated Estrogens. II. A New Method for Isolating Estriol Monoglucosiduronide from Normal Human Pregnancy Urine

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1245-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul L. Cohen ◽  
Erkut Oran
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
New Method ◽  
Conjugated Estrogens ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitate ◽  
Pregnancy Urine ◽  
Normal Human

Estriol glucosiduronide has been prepared from normal pregnancy urine both as sodium salt and as the free carbonyl forms by a new and simple five-step procedure: (i) precipitation by ammonium sulfate of the conjugated estrogens from the urine; (ii) preparation of a methanol–acetone (M–A) solution of the conjugated estrogens from the ammonium sulfate precipitate; (iii) filtration through columns of Sephadex G 25 of the combined M–A residues from large batches of urine, which yielded the starting material for the work presented in this paper, namely peak four of the six estrogen peaks thus obtained; (iv) the conversion to the carbonyl form by a "Kellie" extraction at pH 2.0–2.5; and (v) crystallization of the acid or of its sodium salt from the semi-crystalline residue.

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