scholarly journals Alterations of Eye Movement Control in Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Gorges ◽  
Elmar H. Pinkhardt ◽  
Jan Kassubek
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Functional Deficits ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Oculomotor Nuclei

The evolution of the fovea centralis, the most central part of the retina and the area of the highest visual accuracy, requires humans to shift their gaze rapidly (saccades) to bring some object of interest within the visual field onto the fovea. In addition, humans are equipped with the ability to rotate the eye ball continuously in a highly predicting manner (smooth pursuit) to hold a moving target steadily upon the retina. The functional deficits in neurodegenerative movement disorders (e.g., Parkinsonian syndromes) involve the basal ganglia that are critical in all aspects of movement control. Moreover, neocortical structures, the cerebellum, and the midbrain may become affected by the pathological process. A broad spectrum of eye movement alterations may result, comprising smooth pursuit disturbance (e.g., interrupting saccades), saccadic dysfunction (e.g., hypometric saccades), and abnormal attempted fixation (e.g., pathological nystagmus and square wave jerks). On clinical grounds, videooculography is a sensitive noninvasivein vivotechnique to classify oculomotion function alterations. Eye movements are a valuable window into the integrity of central nervous system structures and their changes in defined neurodegenerative conditions, that is, the oculomotor nuclei in the brainstem together with their directly activating supranuclear centers and the basal ganglia as well as cortical areas of higher cognitive control of attention.

scholarly journals Role of Primate Cerebellar Hemisphere in Voluntary Eye Movement Control Revealed by Lesion Effects

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 934-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masafumi Ohki ◽  
Hiromasa Kitazawa ◽  
Takahito Hiramatsu ◽  
Kimitake Kaga ◽  
Taiko Kitamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Target Velocity ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Catch Up

The anatomical connection between the frontal eye field and the cerebellar hemispheric lobule VII (H-VII) suggests a potential role of the hemisphere in voluntary eye movement control. To reveal the involvement of the hemisphere in smooth pursuit and saccade control, we made a unilateral lesion around H-VII and examined its effects in three Macaca fuscata that were trained to pursue visually a small target. To the step (3°)-ramp (5–20°/s) target motion, the monkeys usually showed an initial pursuit eye movement at a latency of 80–140 ms and a small catch-up saccade at 140–220 ms that was followed by a postsaccadic pursuit eye movement that roughly matched the ramp target velocity. After unilateral cerebellar hemispheric lesioning, the initial pursuit eye movements were impaired, and the velocities of the postsaccadic pursuit eye movements decreased. The onsets of 5° visually guided saccades to the stationary target were delayed, and their amplitudes showed a tendency of increased trial-to-trial variability but never became hypo- or hypermetric. Similar tendencies were observed in the onsets and amplitudes of catch-up saccades. The adaptation of open-loop smooth pursuit velocity, tested by a step increase in target velocity for a brief period, was impaired. These lesion effects were recognized in all directions, particularly in the ipsiversive direction. A recovery was observed at 4 wk postlesion for some of these lesion effects. These results suggest that the cerebellar hemispheric region around lobule VII is involved in the control of smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements.

scholarly journals The Response of MSTd Neurons to Perturbations in Target Motion During Ongoing Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movements

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 519-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiji Ono ◽  
Lukas Brostek ◽  
Ulrich Nuding ◽  
Stefan Glasauer ◽  
Ulrich Büttner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Target Perturbation ◽  
Behaving Monkeys ◽  
Dynamic Gain

Several regions of the brain are involved in smooth-pursuit eye movement (SPEM) control, including the cortical areas MST (medial superior temporal) and FEF (frontal eye field). It has been shown that the eye-movement responses to a brief perturbation of the visual target during ongoing pursuit increases with higher pursuit velocities. To further investigate the underlying neuronal mechanism of this nonlinear dynamic gain control and the contributions of different cortical areas to it, we recorded from MSTd (dorsal division of the MST area) neurons in behaving monkeys ( Macaca mulatta) during step-ramp SPEM (5–20°/s) with and without superimposed target perturbation (one cycle, 5 Hz, ±10°/s). Smooth-pursuit–related MSTd neurons started to increase their activity on average 127 ms after eye-movement onset. Target perturbation consistently led to larger eye-movement responses and decreasing latencies with increasing ramp velocities, as predicted by dynamic gain control. For 36% of the smooth-pursuit–related MSTd neurons the eye-movement perturbation was accompanied by detectable changes in neuronal activity with a latency of 102 ms, with respect to the eye-movement response. The remaining smooth-pursuit–related MSTd neurons (64%) did not reflect the eye-movement perturbation. For the large majority of cases this finding could be predicted by the dynamic properties of the step-ramp responses. Almost all these MSTd neurons had large visual receptive fields responding to motion in preferred directions opposite to the optimal SPEM stimulus. Based on these findings it is unlikely that MSTd plays a major role for dynamic gain control and initiation of the perturbation response. However, neurons in MSTd could still participate in SPEM maintenance. Due to their visual field properties they could also play a role in other functions such as self-motion perception.

Ocular motor stimulation in schizophrenics with smooth pursuit eye movement disorders a 99mTc-ECD SPECT study

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
I. Gerdsen ◽  
J. Pinkert ◽  
R. Fötzsch ◽  
L. Oehme ◽  
O. Bach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Ocular Motor ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement ◽  
Eye Movement Disorders

Role of primate cerebellar lobulus petrosus of paraflocculus in smooth pursuit eye movement control revealed by chemical lesion

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahito Hiramatsu ◽  
Masafumi Ohki ◽  
Hiromasa Kitazawa ◽  
Guoxiang Xiong ◽  
Taiko Kitamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement ◽  
Chemical Lesion

scholarly journals Cerebellum and eye movement control -Neuronal mechanisms of memory-based smooth-pursuit and their early clinical application-

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1001-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kikuro Fukushima ◽  
Junko Fukushima ◽  
Norie Ito ◽  
Hidetoshi Takei ◽  
Kunihiro Ikeno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Memory

scholarly journals Eye movement control during visual pursuit in Parkinson’s disease

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Chien Wu ◽  
Bo Cao ◽  
Veena Dali ◽  
Celia Gagliardi ◽  
Olivier J. Barthelemy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Moving Target ◽  
Binocular Coordination

Background Prior studies of oculomotor function in Parkinson’s disease (PD) have either focused on saccades without considering smooth pursuit, or tested smooth pursuit while excluding saccades. The present study investigated the control of saccadic eye movements during pursuit tasksand assessed the quality of binocular coordinationas potential sensitive markers of PD. Methods Observers fixated on a central cross while a target moved toward it. Once the target reached the fixation cross, observers began to pursue the moving target. To further investigate binocular coordination, the moving target was presented on both eyes (binocular condition), or on one eye only (dichoptic condition). Results The PD group made more saccades than age-matched normal control adults (NC) both during fixation and pursuit. The difference between left and right gaze positions increased over time during the pursuit period for PD but not for NC. The findings were not related to age, as NC and young-adult control group (YC) performed similarly on most of the eye movement measures, and were not correlated with classical measures of PD severity (e.g., Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score). Discussion Our results suggest that PD may be associated with impairment not only in saccade inhibition, but also in binocular coordination during pursuit, and these aspects of dysfunction may be useful in PD diagnosis or tracking of disease course.

Role of anticipation and prediction in smooth pursuit eye movement control in Parkinson's disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1012-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Helmchen ◽  
Jonas Pohlmann ◽  
Peter Trillenberg ◽  
Rebekka Lencer ◽  
Julia Graf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement

scholarly journals Microstructural organizational patterns in the human corticostriatal system

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (11) ◽  
pp. 2984-2995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Verstynen ◽  
David Badre ◽  
Kevin Jarbo ◽  
Walter Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Fiber Tractography ◽  
Asymmetry Of Information ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Posterior Direction ◽  
Organizational Patterns

The axons that project into the striatum are known to segregate according to macroscopic cortical systems; however, the within-region organization of these fibers has yet to be described in humans. We used in vivo fiber tractography, in neurologically healthy adults, to map white matter bundles that originate in different neocortical areas, navigate complex fiber crossings, and project into the striatum. As expected, these fibers were generally segregated according to cortical origin. Within a subset of pathways, a patched pattern of inputs was observed, consistent with previous ex vivo histological studies. In projections from the prefrontal cortex, we detected a topography in which fibers from rostral prefrontal areas projected mostly to rostral parts of the striatum and vice versa for inputs originating in caudal cortical areas. Importantly, within this prefrontal system there was also an asymmetry in the subset of divergent projections, with more fibers projecting in a posterior direction than anterior. This asymmetry of information projecting into the basal ganglia was predicted by previous network-level computational models. A rostral-caudal topography was also present at the local level in otherwise somatotopically organized fibers projecting from the motor cortex. This provides clear evidence that the longitudinal organization of input fields, observed at the macroscopic level across cortical systems, is also found at the microstructural scale at which information is segregated as it enters the human basal ganglia.

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