scholarly journals Signalling Molecules in the Urothelium

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Winder ◽  
Gunnar Tobin ◽  
Daša Zupančič ◽  
Rok Romih
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Health And Disease

The urothelium was long considered to be a silent barrier protecting the body from the toxic effects of urine. However, today a number of dynamic abilities of the urothelium are well recognized, including its ability to act as a sensor of the intravesical environment. During recent years several pathways of these urothelial abilities have been proposed and a major part of these pathways includes release of signalling molecules. It is now evident that the urothelium represents only one part of the sensory web. Urinary bladder signalling is finely tuned machinery of signalling molecules, acting in autocrine and paracrine manner, and their receptors are specifically distributed among different types of cells in the urinary bladder. In the present review the current knowledge of the formation, release, and signalling effects of urothelial acetylcholine, ATP, adenosine, and nitric oxide in health and disease is discussed.

scholarly journals UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA OF URINARY BLADDER

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1217-1221
Author(s):  
Muhammad Salman Zafar ◽  
Muhammad Asadullah ◽  
Usman Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Urothelial Carcinoma ◽  
Bladder Tumor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Immuno Histochemistry ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Urinary Bladder Tumor ◽  
Cox 2 Inhibitors ◽  
Normal Urothelium

In spite of the fact that inflammation has been regarded as a localized orgeneralized defensive component of the body to different types harmful stimuli, there hasbeen becoming confirmation of its strong part in initiation or progression of different ailmentsparticularly related with cancer. Objectives: Aim of this study was to recognize the pattern ofexpression and level of intensity of COX-2 in different grades of papillary urothelial carcinomaof urinary bladder along with significance of COX 2 in tumerogenesis of urothelial carcinoma ofurinary bladder. Setting: Department of Pathology, BMSI, JPMC. Period: 1.1.2009 to 31.12.2012.Methods: The marker of COX-2 was investigated by using Immuno- histochemistry. Results:COX 2 was not detected in normal urothelium, but its intensity was expressed as 68% in lowgrade, 72 % in high grade and 80 % in invasive urothelial carcinoma. Conclusion: Results ofthe present study indicate that COX-2 as a component of inflammation play an important rolein progression of urinary bladder tumor and encourage use of COX 2 inhibitors as potentialantitumor agent.

scholarly journals Fungal-Bacterial Interactions in Health and Disease

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wibke Krüger ◽  
Sarah Vielreicher ◽  
Mario Kapitan ◽  
Ilse Jacobsen ◽  
Maria Niemiec
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Bacterial Interactions ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Health And Disease

Fungi and bacteria encounter each other in various niches of the human body. There, they interact directly with one another or indirectly via the host response. In both cases, interactions can affect host health and disease. In the present review, we summarized current knowledge on fungal-bacterial interactions during their commensal and pathogenic lifestyle. We focus on distinct mucosal niches: the oral cavity, lung, gut, and vagina. In addition, we describe interactions during bloodstream and wound infections and the possible consequences for the human host.

scholarly journals Message from the cell's powerhouse: Mitochondrial signalling and redox therapeutics

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Aimee L. Landar ◽  
Jaroslaw W. Zmijewski ◽  
Joo-Yeun Oh ◽  
Victor M. Darley-Usmar
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Some of the earliest studies in bioenergetics described a ‘leak’ of electrons from the mitochondrial respiratory chain to oxygen, with the resulting formation of the simple one-electron product, superoxide. Several lines of evidence led to the idea that this process is pathological. For example, formation of superoxide, and its dismutation product hydrogen peroxide, from the mitochondrion was enhanced by mitochondrial poisons and hyperoxia. Since these early beginnings, studies in the redox cell signalling field have shown that these same reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as nitric oxide (NO), serve as signalling molecules in both physiological and pathological situations. These small molecules can act through several mechanisms, including the ability to act as reversible agonists for receptors.

scholarly journals Coupled Nitric Oxide and Autonomic Receptor Functional Responses in the Normal and Inflamed Urinary Bladder of the Rat

2012 ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. VESELÁ ◽  
H. ASKLUND ◽  
P. ARONSSON ◽  
M. JOHNSSON ◽  
V. WSOL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bladder Function ◽  
Detrusor Muscle ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerve ◽  
Contractile Responses

Both divisions of the autonomic nervous system are involved in regulation of urinary bladder function. Several substances, other than noradrenaline and acetylcholine, seem to play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract. In the current study, we aimed to examine if there exist interplays between nitric oxide (NO) and autonomic transmitters and if such interactions vary in different parts of the urinary bladder in healthy and cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitic rats; when administered to the animals (100 mg/kg; i.p.), the cytotoxic CYP metabolite acrolein induces bladder inflammation. In the current study a series of in vitro functional studies were performed on detrusor muscle strip preparations. Stimulation with electrical field stimulation (EFS), methacholine, adenosine 5´-triphosphate (ATP), and adrenaline evoked contractile responses in isolated bladder preparations that were significantly reduced in cyclophosphamide (CYP)-treated rats. While the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA; 10-4 M) did not affect contractile responses in normal, healthy strip preparations, it significantly increased the contractile responses to EFS, methacholine and adrenaline, but not to ATP, in the bladders from the CYP-treated rats. In the CYP-treated rats, the ATP-evoked relaxatory part of its dual response (an initial contraction followed by a relaxation) was 6-fold increased in comparison with that of normal preparations, whereas the isoprenaline relaxation was halved in the CYP-treated. While L-NNA (10-4 M) had no effect on the isoprenaline-evoked relaxations, it reduced the ATP-evoked relaxations in strip preparations from the bladder body of CYP-treated rats. Stimulation of β2- and β3 adrenoceptors evoked relaxations and both responses were reduced in cystitis, the latter to a larger extent. In the trigone, the reduced ATP-evoked contractile response in the inflamed strips was increased by L-NNA, while L NNA had no effect on the ATP-evoked relaxations, neither on the relaxations in healthy nor on the larger relaxations in the inflamed trigone. The study shows that both contractile and relaxatory functions are altered in the state of inflammation. The parasympathetic nerve-mediated contractions of the body of the bladder, evoked by the release of ATP and acetylcholine, were substantially reduced in cystitis. The relaxations to β-adrenoceptor and purinoceptor stimulation were also reduced but only the ATP-evoked relaxation involved NO.

scholarly journals Current Advances of Nitric Oxide in Cancer and Anticancer Therapeutics

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Joel Mintz ◽  
Anastasia Vedenko ◽  
Omar Rosete ◽  
Khushi Shah ◽  
Gabriella Goldstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Anticancer Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
No Donors ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Sgc Activators

Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived, ubiquitous signaling molecule that affects numerous critical functions in the body. There are markedly conflicting findings in the literature regarding the bimodal effects of NO in carcinogenesis and tumor progression, which has important consequences for treatment. Several preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that both pro- and antitumorigenic effects of NO depend on multiple aspects, including, but not limited to, tissue of generation, the level of production, the oxidative/reductive (redox) environment in which this radical is generated, the presence or absence of NO transduction elements, and the tumor microenvironment. Generally, there are four major categories of NO-based anticancer therapies: NO donors, phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE-i), soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activators, and immunomodulators. Of these, NO donors are well studied, well characterized, and also the most promising. In this study, we review the current knowledge in this area, with an emphasis placed on the role of NO as an anticancer therapy and dysregulated molecular interactions during the evolution of cancer, highlighting the strategies that may aid in the targeting of cancer.

scholarly journals The Physiological Action of Picolinic Acid in the Human Brain

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. IJTR.S2469 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Grant ◽  
S.E. Coggan ◽  
G.A. Smythe
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Picolinic Acid ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
The Body ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Brain

Picolinic Acid is an endogenous metabolite of L-tryptophan (TRP) that has been reported to possess a wide range of neuroprotective, immunological, and anti-proliferative affects within the body. However the salient physiological function of this molecule is yet to be established. The synthesis of picolinic acid as a product of the kynurenine pathway (KP) suggests that, similar to other KP metabolites, picolinic acid may play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders within the CNS and possibly other organs. In this paper we review the limited body of literature dealing with the physiological actions of picolinic acid in the CNS and its associated synthesis via the kynurenine pathway in health and disease. Discrepancies and gaps in our current knowledge of picolinic acid are identified highlighting areas of research to promote a more complete understanding of its endogenous function in the brain.

scholarly journals Physiological changes during pregnancy: a mimic of medical disease and risk to existing ones

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-105
Author(s):  
Kamel El-Reshaid
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
The Body ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Labor And Delivery ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Medical Disease ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Health And Disease

During pregnancy; multiple physiological adaptations are encountered.  Their aim is to protect and nurture the developing fetus and prepare the mother for labor and delivery.  They are mediated by an orchestra of maternal and placental hormones.  Some of these changes influence normal biochemical values while others may mimic symptoms of medical disease. It is important to differentiate between normal physiological changes and disease pathology.  The present review summarizes the changes in different systems of the body and its metabolism in an attempt to assist clinicians caring for pregnant women during health and disease. Keywords: adaptations, changes, hormones, metabolism, physiology, pregnancy.

scholarly journals Yes to “NO” host flora symbiosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 18-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandria Nichols ◽  
Khandaker A. Ahmed ◽  
Rakesh P. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
The Body ◽  
No Production ◽  
Targeted Therapeutics ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Oxygen Tensions ◽  
Local Oxygen

Nitric oxide (NO) is a relatively simple molecule comprising only two atoms. Understanding how this free radical controls an array of complex biological functions provides the platform for much of the research in NO biochemistry and biology. Here, we discuss an updated perspective on how this gas is formed in the body involving a fascinating interplay between the diet, bacteria residing on the tongue, and redox reactions that are regulated by pH and local oxygen tensions. We highlight this as an area primed for novel microbe-targeted therapeutics for controlling NO production and affecting human health and disease.

FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN FOREIGN STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATIVE REGULATION DURING TUITION

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
A.M. Satarkulova
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Adaptive Abilities

The assessment and dynamic control over students’ status is a very important task. It allows timely detection of prenosological status prior to pathology and health maintenance in students. The objective of the paper is to assess the adaptive abilities of the body, to analyze changes in heart rate variability indicators in students with various types of autonomic regulation, to identify prenosological status and precursory pathological symptoms. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 302 students from India, aged 21.54±1.43. Programming complex «Psychophysiologist» was used to register the main HRV parameters within 5 minutes. Health status was evaluated according to the index of functional changes and the scale of functional states. Results. N.I. Shlyk (2009) distinguished two groups of students with different types of autonomic regulation: type 1 (53 %) with moderate and type 2 (5 %) with marked characteristics of central regulation profile, type 3 (35 %) with moderate and type 4 (7 %) with marked characteristics of autonomous regulation profile. Main parameters of HRV and adaptation potential were defined for each student.All the parameters characterized functional and health status. Conclusions. It was shown that 82 % of trial subjects (type 1), 53 % (type 2), 94 % (type 3) and 95 % (type 4) demonstrated satisfactory adaptation and their physiological processes were at an optimal level. 18 % of students (type 1) demonstrated reduced adaptive abilities of the body. Moreover, they were under moderate stress. 47 % of subjects (type 2) were also under a significant stress, which was proven by excessively high SI, low SDNN and TP, and an increased index of functional changes. 5 % of students (type 4) revealed dysfunctional characteristics in the heart rhythm, peculiar to pathology. Keywords: foreign students, heart rate variability, types of autonomic regulation, adaptation potential, functional status. Оценка состояния студентов и динамический контроль за ним является важной задачей, поскольку позволяет своевременно выявлять у студентов донозологические состояния, предшествующие патологии, и способствовать сохранению здоровья. Цель. Оценка адаптивных возможностей организма, анализ изменений показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма у студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции, выявление донозологических состояний и ранних признаков патологии. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовало 302 студента в возрасте 21,54+1,43 года из Индии. Регистрировались основные параметры ВСР в течение 5 мин с использованием программно-аппаратного комплекса «Психофизиолог». Состояние и уровень здоровья оценивались по индексу функциональных изменений и шкале функциональных состояний. Результаты. По способу, предложенному Н.И. Шлык, выделены группы студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции: I (53 %) и II типы (5 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием центрального контура регуляции соответственно, III (35 %) и IV типы (7 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием автономного контура регуляции соответственно. У каждого из студентов определены основные параметры ВСР и адаптационного потенциала, характеризующие функциональное состояние и уровень здоровья. Выводы. Показано, что для 82 % обследуемых с I типом, 53 % со II типом, 94 % c III типом и 95 % с IV типом регуляции характерно состояние удовлетворительной адаптации, физиологические процессы сохраняются на оптимальном уровне. В группе студентов I типа у 18 % студентов адаптивные возможности организма снижены, выявлено состояние умеренного напряжения. У 47 % обследуемых II типа также зафиксировано состояние резко выраженного напряжения, индикатором которого является чрезмерно высокое значение SI, низкие величины SDNN и ТP, повышенное значение индекса функциональных изменений. В группе студентов с IV типом у 5 % учащихсяв регуляции ритма сердца выявлены дисфункциональные признаки, характерные для патологии. Ключевые слова: иностранные студенты, вариабельность сердечного ритма, типы вегетативной регуляции, адаптационный потенциал, функциональное состояние.

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