scholarly journals Message from the cell's powerhouse: Mitochondrial signalling and redox therapeutics

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Aimee L. Landar ◽  
Jaroslaw W. Zmijewski ◽  
Joo-Yeun Oh ◽  
Victor M. Darley-Usmar
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Some of the earliest studies in bioenergetics described a ‘leak’ of electrons from the mitochondrial respiratory chain to oxygen, with the resulting formation of the simple one-electron product, superoxide. Several lines of evidence led to the idea that this process is pathological. For example, formation of superoxide, and its dismutation product hydrogen peroxide, from the mitochondrion was enhanced by mitochondrial poisons and hyperoxia. Since these early beginnings, studies in the redox cell signalling field have shown that these same reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as nitric oxide (NO), serve as signalling molecules in both physiological and pathological situations. These small molecules can act through several mechanisms, including the ability to act as reversible agonists for receptors.

Plasmonic Enhancement of Nitric Oxide Generation

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Knoblauch ◽  
Chris Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Plasmonic Enhancement ◽  
Cancer Treatments

While the utility of reactive oxygen species in photodynamic therapies for both cancer treatments and antimicrobial applications has received much attention, the inherent potential of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) including...

scholarly journals Increased iNOS and Nitrosative Stress in Dopaminergic Neurons of MDMA-Exposed Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Schiavone ◽  
Margherita Neri ◽  
Angela Maffione ◽  
Paolo Frisoni ◽  
Maria Morgese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Inos Expression ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Neuronal Nuclei ◽  
Enzymatic Systems ◽  
The Brain

Several mechanisms underlying 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity have been proposed, including neurochemical alterations and excitotoxicity mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). However, ROS, NO, and RNS sources in the brain are not fully known. We aimed to investigate possible alterations in the expression of the ROS producer NOX enzymes (NOX2, NOX1, and NOX4), NO generators (iNOS, eNOS, and nNOS), markers of oxidative (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, 8OHdG), and nitrosative (3-nitrotyrosine, NT) stress, as well as the colocalization between cells positive for the dopamine transporter (DT1) and cells expressing the neuronal nuclei (NeuN) marker, in the frontal cortex of rats receiving saline or MDMA, sacrificed 6 h, 16 h, or 24 h after its administration. MDMA did not affect NOX2, NOX1, and NOX4 immunoreactivity, whereas iNOS expression was enhanced. The number of NT-positive cells was increased in MDMA-exposed animals, whereas no differences were detected in 8OHdG expression among experimental groups. MDMA and NT markers colocalized with DT1 positive cells. DT1 immunostaining was found in NeuN-positive stained cells. Virtually no colocalization was observed with microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, MDMA immunostaining was not found in NOX2-positive cells. Our results suggest that iNOS-derived nitrosative stress, but not NOX enzymes, may have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity, highlighting the specificity of different enzymatic systems in the development of neuropathological alterations induced by the abuse of this psychoactive compound.

Interactions between nitric oxide, oxygen, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 953-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Brown ◽  
V. Borutaite
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Biological Actions ◽  
Ros Reactive Oxygen Species

ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) are central to the innate immunity that protects us from infection, but also contribute to degenerative diseases and possibly aging. However, ROS and RNS are increasingly recognized to contribute to physiological signalling. This review briefly describes the main interactions between ROS and RNS and shows how their origins, chemistry, metabolism and biological actions are intimately linked.

scholarly journals Increased Oxidative Stress In Allergic Rhinitis. Attention; Ruywayda Adams

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
Hilary Solomons
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Specific Localization ◽  
Rapid Reaction ◽  
Allergic Disorders

There is a sample evidence that allergic disorders such as asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis are mediated by oxidative stress. Excessive exposure to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is the hallmark of oxidative stress and leads to damage of proteins, lipids and DNA. Oxidative stress occurs not only as a result of inflammation but also from environmental exposure to air pollution and cigarette smoke. The specific localization of antioxidant enzymes in the lung and the rapid reaction of nitric oxide with reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide, suggests that antioxidant enzymes might also function as cell-signalling agents or regulators of cell signalling.

scholarly journals A Generator of Peroxynitrite Activatable with Red Light

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Parisi ◽  
Mariacristina Failla ◽  
Aurore Fraix ◽  
Luca Menilli ◽  
Francesca Moret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Light Stimuli ◽  
Spatiotemporal Control

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) as “unconventional” therapeutics with precise spatiotemporal control by using light stimuli may open entirely new horizons for innovative...

scholarly journals What Did We Accomplish in Fighting Radical Species in Human Health?

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Rachid Skouta
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Radical Species ◽  
Physiological Level

Maintaining the physiological level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the body is highly important in the fight against radical species in the context of human health [...]

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