scholarly journals Isomorphic Universality and the Number of Pairwise Nonisomorphic Models in the Class of Banach Spaces

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mirna Džamonja
Keyword(s):  
Banach Spaces ◽  
Continuum Hypothesis ◽  
Generalized Continuum

We develop the framework ofnatural spacesto study isomorphic embeddings of Banach spaces. We then use it to show that a sufficient failure of the generalized continuum hypothesis implies that the universality number of Banach spaces of a given density under a certain kind of positive embedding (very positive embedding) is high. An example of a very positive embedding is a positive onto embedding betweenC(K)andCLfor 0-dimensionalKandLsuch that the following requirement holds for allh≠0andf≥0inC(K): if0≤Th≤Tf, then there are constantsa≠0andbwith0≤a·h+b≤fanda·h+b≠0.

COMPLEMENTATION AND EMBEDDINGS OF c0(I) IN BANACH SPACES

2002 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 742-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
SPIROS A. ARGYROS ◽  
JESÚS F. CASTILLO ◽  
ANTONIO S. GRANERO ◽  
MAR JIMÉNEZ ◽  
JOSÉ P. MORENO
Keyword(s):  
Banach Space ◽  
Banach Spaces ◽  
Compact Subset ◽  
Continuum Hypothesis ◽  
Finite Partition ◽  
Weakly Compact ◽  
Complemented Subspaces ◽  
Generalized Continuum ◽  
Compactly Generated

We investigate in this paper the complementation of copies of $c_0(I)$ in some classes of Banach spaces (in the class of weakly compactly generated (WCG) Banach spaces, in the larger class $\mathcal{V}$ of Banach spaces which are subspaces of some $C(K)$ space with $K$ a Valdivia compact, and in the Banach spaces $C([1, \alpha ])$, where $\alpha$ is an ordinal) and the embedding of $c_0(I)$ in the elements of the class $\mathcal{C}$ of complemented subspaces of $C(K)$ spaces. Two of our results are as follows:(i) in a Banach space $X \in \mathcal{V}$ every copy of $c_0(I)$ with $\# I < \aleph _{\omega}$ is complemented;(ii) if $\alpha _0 = \aleph _0$, $\alpha _{n+1} = 2^{\alpha _n}$, $n \geq 0$, and $\alpha = \sup \{\alpha _n : n \geq 0\}$ there exists a WCG Banach space with an uncomplemented copy of $c_0(\alpha )$.So, under the generalized continuum hypothesis (GCH), $\aleph _{\omega}$ is the greatest cardinal $\tau$ such that every copy of $c_0(I)$ with $\# I < \tau$ is complemented in the class $\mathcal{V}$. If $T : c_0(I) \to C([1,\alpha ])$ is an isomorphism into its image, we prove that:(i) $c_0(I)$ is complemented, whenever $\| T \| ,\| T^{-1} \| < (3/2)^{\frac 12}$;(ii) there is a finite partition $\{I_1, \dots , I_k\}$ of $I$ such that each copy $T(c_0(I_k))$ is complemented.Concerning the class $\mathcal{C}$, we prove that an already known property of $C(K)$ spaces is still true for this class, namely, if $X \in \mathcal{C}$, the following are equivalent:(i) there is a weakly compact subset $W \subset X$ with ${\rm Dens}(W) = \tau$;(ii) $c_0(\tau )$ is isomorphically embedded into $X$.This yields a new characterization of a class of injective Banach spaces.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 46B20, 46B26.

Ultraproducts which are not saturated

1967 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Jerome Keisler
Keyword(s):  
Predicate Logic ◽  
Continuum Hypothesis ◽  
First Order ◽  
Generalized Continuum ◽  
First Order Predicate Logic

In this paper we continue our study, begun in [5], of the connection between ultraproducts and saturated structures. IfDis an ultrafilter over a setI, andis a structure (i.e., a model for a first order predicate logicℒ), the ultrapower ofmoduloDis denoted byD-prod. The ultrapower is important because it is a method of constructing structures which are elementarily equivalent to a given structure(see Frayne-Morel-Scott [3]). Our ultimate aim is to find out what kinds of structure are ultrapowers of. We made a beginning in [5] by proving that, assuming the generalized continuum hypothesis (GCH), for each cardinalαthere is an ultrafilterDover a set of powerαsuch that for all structures,D-prodisα+-saturated.

On the inadequacy of inner models

1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-571
Author(s):  
Andreas Blass
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Continuum Hypothesis ◽  
Axiom Of Choice ◽  
Precise Statement ◽  
Relative Consistency ◽  
Inner Models ◽  
Generalized Continuum ◽  
The Axiom Of Choice

The method of inner models, used by Gödel to prove the (relative) consistency of the axiom of choice and the generalized continuum hypothesis [2], cannot be used to prove the (relative) consistency of any statement which contradicts the axiom of constructibility (V = L). A more precise statement of this well-known fact is:(*)For any formula θ(x) of the language of ZF, there is an axiom α of the theory ZF + V ≠ L such that the relativization α(θ) is not a theorem of ZF.On p. 108 of [1], Cohen gives a proof of (*) in ZF assuming the existence of a standard model of ZF, and he indicates that this assumption can be avoided. However, (*) is not a theorem of ZF (unless ZF is inconsistent), because (*) trivially implies the consistency of ZF. What assumptions are needed to prove (*)? We know that the existence of a standard model implies (*) which, in turn, implies the consistency of ZF. Is either implication reversible?From our main result, it will follow that, if the converse of the first implication is provable in ZF, then ZF has no standard model, and if the converse of the second implication is provable in ZF, then so is the inconsistency of ZF. Thus, it is quite improbable that either converse is provable in ZF.

NILPOTENCY IN UNCOUNTABLE GROUPS

2016 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCESCO DE GIOVANNI ◽  
MARCO TROMBETTI
Keyword(s):  
Continuum Hypothesis ◽  
Large Cardinality ◽  
Generalized Continuum

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the behaviour of uncountable groups of cardinality $\aleph$ in which all proper subgroups of cardinality $\aleph$ are nilpotent. It is proved that such a group $G$ is nilpotent, provided that $G$ has no infinite simple homomorphic images and either $\aleph$ has cofinality strictly larger than $\aleph _{0}$ or the generalized continuum hypothesis is assumed to hold. Furthermore, groups whose proper subgroups of large cardinality are soluble are studied in the last part of the paper.

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