scholarly journals Cephalometric Investigation of First Cervical Vertebrae Morphology and Hyoid Position in Young Adults with Different Sagittal Skeletal Patterns

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seher Gündüz Arslan ◽  
Neval Dildeş ◽  
Jalen Devecioglu Kama
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Hyoid Bone ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Class I ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Skeletal Pattern ◽  
Posterior Direction ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Anterior Posterior

The aim of this retrospective study was to examine hyoid bone position and C1 (atlas) morphology in males and females and analyze these parameters with respect to different sagittal skeletal patterns via cephalometry, with the goal of identifying cephalometric norms. Lateral cephalometric radiographs from 120 individuals (average age: 21.1 ± 2.9 years) were classified according to their ANB angle (Class I, II, or III) and used to assess 14 parameters. Class I and II patients showed significant differences in Hy-NSL, Hy-PD, Hy-CVT, Lum, and a-p measurements. These parameters were consistently larger in males than in females. Intergroup comparisons among males showed significant differences in the SNA, ANB, Hy-CVT, X, and Z measurements. The hyoid was positioned more inferiorly and anteriorly and was more prominent in males than in females in all groups. Among participants exhibiting a Class I skeletal pattern, C1 was also larger in the anterior-posterior direction in males than in females. In the sagittal plane, the hyoid was positioned similarly in males with either Class I or III skeletal patterns but was positioned posteriorly in males with a Class II skeletal pattern. In addition, the vertical position of C1 varied with sagittal skeletal pattern in males.

Lumbar and cervical erector spinae fatigue elicit compensatory postural responses to assist in maintaining head stability during walking

2006 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 1118-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin J. Kavanagh ◽  
Steven Morrison ◽  
Rod S. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Erector Spinae ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Lower Trunk ◽  
Trunk Segment ◽  
Postural Responses ◽  
Posterior Direction ◽  
Head Stability ◽  
Anterior Posterior

The purpose of this study was to examine how inducing fatigue of the 1) lumbar erector spinae and 2) cervical erector spinae (CES) muscles affected the ability to maintain head stability during walking. Triaxial accelerometers were attached to the head, upper trunk, and lower trunk to measure accelerations in the vertical, anterior-posterior, and mediolateral directions during walking. Using three accelerometers enabled two adjacent upper body segments to be defined: the neck segment and trunk segment. A transfer function was applied to root mean square acceleration, peak power, and harmonic data derived from spectral analysis of accelerations to quantify segmental gain. The structure of upper body accelerations were examined using measures of signal regularity and smoothness. The main findings were that head stability was only affected in the anterior-posterior direction, as accelerations of the head were less regular following CES fatigue. Furthermore, following CES fatigue, the central nervous system altered the attenuation properties of the trunk segment in the anterior-posterior direction, presumably to enhance head stability. Following lumbar erector spinae fatigue, the trunk segment had greater gain and increased regularity and smoothness of accelerations in the mediolateral direction. Overall, the results of this study suggest that erector spinae fatigue differentially altered segmental attenuation during walking, according to the level of the upper body that was fatigued and the direction that oscillations were attenuated. A compensatory postural response was not only elicited in the sagittal plane, where greater segmental attenuation occurred, but also in the frontal plane, where greater segmental gain occurred.

scholarly journals Temporomandibular Joint Osseous Morphology of Class I and Class II Malocclusions in the Normal Skeletal Pattern: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Xiao-Chuan Fan ◽  
Lin-Sha Ma ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Diwakar Singh ◽  
Xiaohui Rausch-Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Glenoid Fossa ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Skeletal Pattern

(1) Background—The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osseous morphology of normal skeletal pattern individuals with different dental malocclusions by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). (2) Methods—The CBCT images of bilateral TMJs in 67 subjects with skeletal class I and average mandibular angle (26 males and 41 females, age range 20–49 years) were evaluated in this study. The subjects were divided into class I, class II division 1, and class II division 2 according to the molar relationship and retroclination of the maxillary incisors. Angular and linear measurements of TMJ were evaluated and the differences between the groups were statistically analyzed. (3) Results—Intragroup comparisons showed statistical differences for articular eminence inclination, the width of the glenoid fossa, the ratio of the width of the glenoid fossa to the depth of the glenoid fossa, the condylar angle, and the intercondylar angle between the malocclusion groups. The measurements of the glenoid fossa shape showed no significant difference between the left and right sides. Females showed more differences in the morphological parameters of TMJ between the three malocclusion groups than the males. (4) Conclusion—The present study revealed differences in the TMJ osseous morphology between dental class I and class II malocclusions in the normal skeletal pattern.

Effects of assistive devices on postural control following a balance disturbance along the anterior-posterior direction

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 239-244
Author(s):  
Yunju Lee ◽  
Rachel Badr ◽  
Brianna Bove ◽  
Patrick Jewett ◽  
Meri Goehring
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Assistive Devices ◽  
Posterior Direction ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Using mastoid vibration can detect the uni/bilateral vestibular deterioration by aging during standing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yufeng Lin ◽  
Mukul Mukherjee ◽  
Nicholas Stergiou ◽  
Jung Hung Chien
Keyword(s):  
Balance Control ◽  
Short Axis ◽  
Confidence Ellipse ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Posterior Direction ◽  
Control Patterns ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Ellipse Area ◽  
Anterior Posterior

BACKGROUND: The mastoid vibration (MV) has been used to investigate unilateral vestibular dysfunction by inducing nystagmus. Additionally, this MV can be used to quantify the effect of deterioration by aging on the vestibular system during walking. Could such MV be used to assess the uni/bilateral vestibular deterioration by aging during standing? OBJECTIVE: This study attempted to determine the feasibility of using MV for identifying the uni/bilateral vestibular deterioration by aging during standing. METHODS: Fifteen young and ten old adults’ balance control patterns were assessed by three random MV conditions: 1) No MV; 2) Unilateral MV; 3) Bilateral MV. The dependent variables were the 95% confidence ellipse areas and the sample entropy values, which were calculated based on the center of gravity displacement within each condition. RESULTS: Significant main effects of MV and aging were found on all outcome variables. A significant interaction between aging and different MV types was observed in the 95% confidence ellipse area (p = 0.002) and the length of the short axis (anterior-posterior direction, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the MV could be used to identify different vestibular dysfunctions, specifically in old adults.

Hox genes and the evolution of vertebrate axial morphology

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Burke ◽  
C.E. Nelson ◽  
B.A. Morgan ◽  
C. Tabin
Keyword(s):  
Hox Genes ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Homeotic Genes ◽  
Evolutionary Variation ◽  
Axial Morphology ◽  
Anterior Posterior ◽  
Anterior Posterior Axis

A common form of evolutionary variation between vertebrate taxa is the different numbers of segments that contribute to various regions of the anterior-posterior axis; cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, etc. The term ‘transposition’ is used to describe this phenomenon. Genetic experiments with homeotic genes in mice have demonstrated that Hox genes are in part responsible for the specification of segmental identity along the anterior-posterior axis, and it has been proposed that an axial Hox code determines the morphology of individual vertebrae (Kessel, M. and Gruss, P. (1990) Science 249, 347–379). This paper presents a comparative study of the developmental patterns of homeobox gene expression and developmental morphology between animals that have homologous regulatory genes but different morphologies. The axial expression boundaries of 23 Hox genes were examined in the paraxial mesoderm of chick, and 16 in mouse embryos by in situ hybridization and immunolocalization techniques. Hox gene anterior expression boundaries were found to be transposed in concert with morphological boundaries. This data contributes a mechanistic level to the assumed homology of these regions in vertebrates. The recognition of mechanistic homology supports the historical homology of basic patterning mechanisms between all organisms that share these genes.

Evaluation of skin displacement in the equine neck

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bergh ◽  
A. Egenvall ◽  
E. Olsson ◽  
M. Uhlhorn ◽  
M. Rhodin
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Joint Motion ◽  
Skin Marker ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Axis Parallel ◽  
Kinematic Studies

Kinematic studies, using reflective skin markers, are commonly used to investigate equine joint motion in equitation science and for rehabilitation purposes. In order to interpret the registrations accurately, the degree of skin displacement has been described for the limbs and back, but not yet for the neck. The aim of the present study was to measure sagittal plane skin displacement in the equine neck. Radiopaque skin markers were applied to the skin over the first six cervical vertebrae of six healthy horses. Latero-lateral radiographs were taken in three standardised neck positions in the sagittal plane: control (horizontal neck), ‘on the bit’ and ‘nose to carpus’. The scales of the images were normalised and calculation of skin displacement was done by use of a coordinate system, dividing the displacement along an x-axis parallel to the vertebra's longitudinal axis and a y-axis perpendicular to the x-axis. Mixed models analysis was employed to study the differences in distances in x- and y-directions, and statistical significance was set to PÃ0.05. Between control and ‘nose to carpus’ positions, there were significant differences in skin marker locations, relative to the underlying vertebrae, in the x-direction for C1-6, and in y-direction for C3-6. Between normal and ‘on the bit’ positions, there were significant difference in both x- and y-directions for C6. Differences in marker locations along x- and y-axes, respectively, were 3±9 mm and 44±14 mm. The outcome of this study indicates that skin displacement should be considered when investigating equine neck motion with skin marker methodology.

scholarly journals Diagnostic validity of different cephalometric analyses for assessment of the sagittal skeletal pattern

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maheen Ahmed ◽  
Attiya Shaikh ◽  
Mubassar Fida
Keyword(s):  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Class I ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Substantial Agreement ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Skeletal Pattern ◽  
Beta Angle ◽  
Final Group

Abstract Introduction: Numerous cephalometric analyses have been proposed to diagnose the sagittal discrepancy of the craniofacial structures. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the reliability and validity of different skeletal analyses for the identification of sagittal skeletal pattern. Methods: A total of 146 subjects (males = 77; females = 69; mean age = 23.6 ± 4.6 years) were included. The ANB angle, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, AB plane angle, Downs angle of convexity and W angle were used to assess the anteroposterior skeletal pattern on lateral cephalograms. The sample was classified into Class I, II and III groups as determined by the diagnostic results of majority of the parameters. The validity and reliability of the aforementioned analyses were determined using Kappa statistics, sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV). Results: A substantial agreement was present between ANB angle and the diagnosis made by the final group (k = 0.802). In the Class I group, Downs angle of convexity showed the highest sensitivity (0.968), whereas ANB showed the highest PPV (0.910). In the Class II group, ANB angle showed the highest sensitivity (0.928) and PPV (0.951). In the Class III group, the ANB angle, the Wits appraisal and the Beta angle showed the highest sensitivity (0.902), whereas the Downs angle of convexity and the ANB angle showed the highest PPV (1.00). Conclusion: The ANB angle was found to be the most valid and reliable indicator in all sagittal groups. Downs angle of convexity, Wits appraisal and Beta angle may be used as valid indicators to assess the Class III sagittal pattern.

scholarly journals Comparison of Cervical Vertebral Body Volume in Class II Vertical and Class II Horizontal Cases With Class I Cases Using 3D-DVT

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 332-337
Author(s):  
Hamza Saifuddin Dargahwala ◽  
Pallavi Daigavane ◽  
Vausdevan SD ◽  
Ranjit Kamble ◽  
Sunita Shrivastav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Body ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Class I ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Reference Structure ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cervical Vertebral Body

The branch of orthodontics has had an interest in the cervical vertebrae wherein cervical spine is used as a reference structure for natural head position, so skeletal age was evaluated by studying variations in the cervical vertebral morphologies. Among all evaluations, very limited data is available wherein comparison between cervical vertebral body volumes between the different malocclusions has been done. This study aimed to compare the differences in the volumes of cervical vertebral bodies of C2, C3, and C4 between skeletal class I and class II malocclusions of both horizontal and vertical growth patterns. In class I the volume was significantly lesser as compared to class II. It was seen that there was statistically no significant difference in the volume between the horizontal and vertical growers. It can be concluded from this study that cervical vertebral body volume has no effect on growth pattern. However, variations in cervical vertebral body volume are seen with different malocclusions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of tongue posture & dimensions in relation to skeletal Class I and Class II patterns- A cephalometric study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-281
Author(s):  
Puja Khanna ◽  
Sumit Chhabra ◽  
Preeti Munjal ◽  
Sunny Mittal ◽  
Nishtha Arora
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Normal Occlusion ◽  
Division 1 ◽  
Skeletal Pattern ◽  
Bonferroni Test ◽  
Class Ii Division 1

Association of tongue posture with dental and facial skeletal pattern have been suggested in past. This study was undertaken to assess tongue posture and dimensions in Class I and Class II Dentoskeletal patterns to determine whether any correlation exists between tongue posture and skeletal pattern of an individual. Cephalograms of 150 individuals (aged 18-23 years), taken in Natural Head Position (NHP) and tongue at rest were divided into three groups i.e. Group 1 – Class I Normal occlusion, Group 2 – Class II Division 1 Normodivergent and Group 3 – Class II Division 1 Hypodivergent, consisting of 50 samples each. To ensure the rest position of tongue, patient was asked to relax for 30 seconds after coating the tongue with barium sulphate in midline and then to swallow, and the X-ray was taken at the end of swallowing. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to sex. Groups were constituted according to the Frankfort mandibular plane angle (FMA) angle. The subjects who had skeletal Class II pattern due to mandibular retrusion and not due to maxillary prognathism were only included in the study group. Statistical analysis was done using the software SPSS version 21.0. The statistical tests used were unpaired t-test and One-way ANOVA test with post-hoc bonferroni test. The p-value was considered significant if less than 0.05.The dorsum of the tongue was higher at back and lower in front in Class II Division 1 Hypodivergent group as compared to Class I Normal occlusion group (P<.05). Tongue height and tongue length were significantly reduced in Class II Division 1 Normodivergent and Class II Division 1 Hypodivergent malocclusion groups when compared to Class I control group (P<.05).The study supports the existence of a relationship between posture & dimensions of the tongue with Class I and Class II skeletal patterns.

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