scholarly journals Thalamic Lesions: A Radiological Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Renard ◽  
Giovanni Castelnovo ◽  
Chantal Campello ◽  
Stephane Bouly ◽  
Anne Le Floch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Thalamic Lesion ◽  
Mri Sequences ◽  
Thalamic Lesions ◽  
Signal Changes ◽  
Mri Characteristics ◽  
Over Time

Background. Thalamic lesions are seen in a multitude of disorders including vascular diseases, metabolic disorders, inflammatory diseases, trauma, tumours, and infections. In some diseases, thalamic involvement is typical and sometimes isolated, while in other diseases thalamic lesions are observed only occasionally (often in the presence of other typical extrathalamic lesions).Summary. In this review, we will mainly discuss the MRI characteristics of thalamic lesions. Identification of the origin of the thalamic lesion depends on the exact localisation inside the thalamus, the presence of extrathalamic lesions, the signal changes on different MRI sequences, the evolution of the radiological abnormalities over time, the history and clinical state of the patient, and other radiological and nonradiological examinations.

scholarly journals THERAPEUTIC IMPORTANCE OF CURCUMIN WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON MDR CANCER CELLS AND THE FACTORS INFLUENCING PHARMACODYNAMICS.

2021 ◽  
pp. 429-441
Author(s):  
MUHASINA.K.M ◽  
Dhanabal S. Palaniswamy ◽  
Deepika.N.P ◽  
Divya jyothi Palati
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Cardio Vascular

Curcuma longa or turmeric is a plant that is used as a spice and as a phytoconstituent in many formulations from Vedic age. Curcuminoids are the most important Phyto constituents present in turmeric with various pharmacological activities. The present study reveals various pharmacological activities of curcumin with special emphasis on MDR cancer cells. The curcuminoids are the Phyto constituents showing potent activity against neurological disorders, cardio vascular diseases, auto immune disorders, Metabolic disorders, cancer, inflammatory diseases, Skin allergies and disorders. This review give emphasis on anticancer activity of curcumin and its possible mechanism of actions. Many studies revealing that various formulations and combination therapy of curcumin is increasing its bioavailability and there by effective against various diseases. This review is lighting to a treasure buried inside the soil a potential therapeutic agent without side effects.

Thalamic lesions produced by gamma thalamotomy for movement disorders

2002 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 600-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chihiro Ohye ◽  
Tohru Shibazaki ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Yoshitaka Andou
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Involuntary Movement ◽  
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery ◽  
Target Point ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Thalamic Lesion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Stereotactic Thalamotomy ◽  
Thalamic Lesions ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The treatment of Parkinson disease and other kinds of involuntary movement by gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) is presented. This is an extension of previous work. The clinical course and thalamic lesions were the main factors examined. Methods. Seventeen new cases were added to the previously reported 36 cases. The course and results for the whole series of 53 patients were examined. Treatment was undertaken using a single 4-mm collimator shot to deliver 130 Gy to the target. The target was determined in the previously treated patients by using classic methods involved in conventional stereotactic thalamotomy with microrecording. More recently, target localization has been performed by relating the target point to the total length of the thalamus. Points may then be defined as percentages of that length measured from the anterior pole. Targets can then be determined in relationship to the appropriate percentage. Thirty-five patients have been followed for more than 2 years and the longest follow up was 8 years. Two kinds of thalamic lesion were seen after GKS. Volumetric analysis on MR imaging revealed that the larger lesion was 400 to 500 mm3 at the beginning and gradually decreased in size. The smaller lesion occupied approximately 200 mm3 and also shrank over several months. Eighty percent of the treated cases showed good results and no significant complications, with the tremor subsiding at 1 year (Type 1). Several cases deviated from this standard course in four different ways (Types 2–5). If tremor persisted, conventional stereotactic thalamotomy with microrecording was performed. During such operations, normal neuronal activity was recorded from the region adjacent to the GKS thalamotomy target. This was the region showing a high signal on MR imaging. The activity patterns included the rhythmical grouped discharge of tremor rhythm. Conclusions. Gamma thalamotomy for functional disorders is still under development, but because the results with careful target planning are satisfactory, there are grounds for increasing optimism.

scholarly journals Trends in the Prevalence of Dementia in Japan

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroko H. Dodge ◽  
Teresa J. Buracchio ◽  
Gwenith G. Fisher ◽  
Yutaka Kiyohara ◽  
Kenichi Meguro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Large Population ◽  
National Level ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Dementia Prevalence ◽  
Over Time

There is a paucity of data regarding trends in dementia and its subtype prevalence in Japan. Our aims in the current paper are to: (1) summarize epidemiological studies of dementia in Japan including relevant details of study protocol and diagnostic criteria, (2) compare the age-specific prevalence of all-cause dementia among studies, and (3) assess the trends in Alzheimer's disease (AD) versus vascular dementia (VaD) over time. We reviewed diagnostic criteria, all-cause dementia prevalence, and the AD/VaD ratio from 8 large population studies of dementia in Japan. Compared with the Okinawa 1992 study, studies conducted in 1994, 1998, 2005, and 2008 had a higher prevalence of all-cause dementia using Poisson regression models, after controlling for age and sex. In contrast to the US and some European countries, all-cause dementia prevalence is increasing in Japan. The prevalence of AD as opposed to VaD seems to be increasing over time, but large variability in diagnostic criteria, possible regional variability, and differences in prevalence of subtypes of dementia between men and women make it difficult to draw a conclusion about this trend at the national level. Further studies, for example, comparing the population attributable risk of vascular diseases to the prevalence and incidence of dementia could help to clarify the regional variations in etiological subtypes.

Epiphyseal bone-marrow abnormalities and restitution in legg-calvé-perthes disease

1997 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 855-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hochbergs ◽  
G. Eckervall ◽  
H. Wingstrand ◽  
N. Egund ◽  
K. Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Perthes Disease ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Group I ◽  
Radiological Classification ◽  
Signal Changes ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Epiphyseal Bone

Purpose: By means of MR imaging, to determine signal abnormalities in the femoral epiphysis; to determine their location, extent and restitution over time; and to correlate these findings to the Catterall radiological classification. Material and Methods: A total of 247 MR images in 86 patients (101 hips) with Legg-CalvC-Perthes disease were examined. The MR images were taken in the coronal plane, and the images through the center of the femoral head were used for this study. Results: T1-weighted images proved as good as T2-weighted images for the MR evaluation of the extent of the necrosis. In almost every case, the central-cranial part of the epiphysis showed a low initial signal. In Catterall group I, the medial part was never involved. In Catterall III and IV, almost the entire epiphysis showed signal changes. In the period 3–6 years after diagnosis, we still found signal changes in the epiphysis in some hips but there was no correlation with the Catterall classification. After 6 years, the epiphysis showed normal signal intensity in MR imaging. In T1-weighted images, Gd-enhancement occurred in the peripheral regions in the early stages of the disease. The central part of the epiphysis became more enhanced over time and peaked in the period 1–3 years after diagnosis. Conclusion: MR is a valuable modality for monitoring changes in the femoral epiphysis. We propose a new classification of the extent and pattern of epiphyseal bone-marrow abnormalities based on the 4 zones most commonly observed in MR imaging.

Robot-Aided Neuro-Rehabilitation in Stroke: Neuro-Recovery for Thalamic Lesion

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermano I. Krebs ◽  
Neville Hogan ◽  
Bruce Volpe ◽  
Mindy Aisen ◽  
Lisa Edelstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Thalamic Lesion ◽  
The Novel ◽  
New Class ◽  
Rehabilitation Hospital ◽  
Thalamic Lesions ◽  
Interactive User

Abstract We are applying robotics and information technology to assist, enhance, and quantify neuro-rehabilitation. Our goal is a new class of interactive, user-affectionate clinical devices designed not only for evaluating patients, but also for delivering meaningful therapy via engaging “video games.” Notably, the novel robot MIT-MANUS has been designed and programmed for clinical neurological applications, and has undergone extensive clinical trials for more than four years at Burke Rehabilitation Hospital – White Plains, NY. This paper will review the main result of the pilot clinical trial of the 20 patients focusing on the consequences of thalamic lesions.

Heterogeneous pathological processes account for thalamic degeneration in multiple sclerosis: Insights from 7 T imaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1433-1444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Louapre ◽  
Sindhuja T Govindarajan ◽  
Costanza Giannì ◽  
Nancy Madigan ◽  
Jacob A Sloane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Progressive Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Thalamic Lesion ◽  
Cortical Lesions ◽  
Focal Lesions ◽  
Thalamic Degeneration ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Thalamic Lesions ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Background: Thalamic degeneration impacts multiple sclerosis (MS) prognosis. Objective: To investigate heterogeneous thalamic pathology, its correlation with white matter (WM), cortical lesions and thickness, and as function of distance from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods: In 41 MS subjects and 17 controls, using 3 and 7 T imaging, we tested for (1) differences in thalamic volume and quantitative T2* (q-T2*) (2) globally and (3) within concentric bands originating from the CSF/thalamus interface; (4) the relation between thalamic, cortical, and WM metrics; and (5) the contribution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) metrics to clinical scores. We also assessed MS thalamic lesion distribution as a function of distance from CSF. Results: Thalamic lesions were mainly located next to the ventricles. Thalamic volume was decreased in MS versus controls ( p < 10−2); global q-T2* was longer in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) only ( p < 10−2), indicating myelin and/or iron loss. Thalamic atrophy and longer q-T2* correlated with WM lesion volume ( p < 0.01). In relapsing-remitting MS, q-T2* thalamic abnormalities were located next to the WM ( p < 0.01 (uncorrected), p = 0.09 (corrected)), while they were homogeneously distributed in SPMS. Cortical MRI metrics were the strongest predictors of clinical outcome. Conclusion: Heterogeneous pathological processes affect the thalamus in MS. While focal lesions are likely mainly driven by CSF-mediated factors, overall thalamic degeneration develops in association with WM lesions.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Sirtuin 6 in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Lappas
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Histone Deacetylase ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Human Umbilical Vein ◽  
Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

A prominent feature of inflammatory diseases is endothelial dysfunction. Factors associated with endothelial dysfunction include proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and matrix degrading enzymes. At the transcriptional level, they are regulated by the histone deacetylase sirtuin (SIRT) 1 via its actions on the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The role of SIRT6, also a histone deacetylase, in regulating inflammation in endothelial cells is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of SIRT6 knockdown on inflammatory markers in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS decreased expression of SIRT6 in HUVECs. Knockdown of SIRT6 increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), COX-prostaglandin system, ECM remodelling enzymes (MMP-2, MMP-9 and PAI-1), the adhesion molecule ICAM-1, and proangiogenic growth factors VEGF and FGF-2; cell migration; cell adhesion to leukocytes. Loss of SIRT6 increased the expression of NF-κB, whereas overexpression of SIRT6 was associated with decreased NF-κB transcriptional activity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the loss of SIRT6 in endothelial cells is associated with upregulation of genes involved in inflammation, vascular remodelling, and angiogenesis. SIRT6 may be a potential pharmacological target for inflammatory vascular diseases.

Pediatric thalamic incidentalomas: an international retrospective multicenter study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Danil A. Kozyrev ◽  
Jehuda Soleman ◽  
Deki Tsering ◽  
Robert F. Keating ◽  
David S. Hersh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multicenter Study ◽  
Thalamic Lesion ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Who Grade ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Surgical Complexity ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Thalamic Lesions ◽  
International Multicenter Study ◽  
Immediate Surgery

OBJECTIVE Widespread use of modern neuroimaging has led to a surge in diagnosing pediatric brain incidentalomas. Thalamic lesions have unique characteristics such as deep location, surgical complexity, and proximity to eloquent neuronal structures. Currently, the natural course of incidental thalamic lesions is unknown. Therefore, the authors present their experience in treating such lesions. METHODS A retrospective, international multicenter study was carried out in 8 tertiary pediatric centers from 5 countries. Patients were included if they had an incidental thalamic lesion suspected of being a tumor and were diagnosed before the age of 20 years. Treatment strategy, imaging characteristics, pathology, and the outcome of operated and unoperated cases were analyzed. RESULTS Overall, 58 children (23 females and 35 males) with a mean age of 10.8 ± 4.0 years were included. The two most common indications for imaging were nonspecific reasons (n = 19; e.g., research and developmental delay) and headache unrelated to small thalamic lesions (n = 14). Eleven patients (19%) underwent early surgery and 47 were followed, of whom 10 underwent surgery due to radiological changes at a mean of 11.4 ± 9.5 months after diagnosis. Of the 21 patients who underwent surgery, 9 patients underwent resection and 12 underwent biopsy. The two most frequent pathologies were pilocytic astrocytoma and WHO grade II astrocytoma (n = 6 and n = 5, respectively). Three lesions were high-grade gliomas. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that pediatric incidental thalamic lesions include both low- and high-grade tumors. Close and long-term radiological follow-up is warranted in patients who do not undergo immediate surgery, as tumor progression may occur.

Analysis of COVID-associated posterior eye segment lesions for the period from may 2020 to april 2021 in the Budgetary institution of the Chuvash Republic «Republican clinical ophthalmological hospital» of the Ministry of healthcare of the Chuvash Republic

2021 ◽  
pp. 180-183
Author(s):  
M.Y. Leonteva ◽  
◽  
D.G. Arsiutov ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Unfavorable Outcome ◽  
Laser Coagulation ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Chuvash Republic

Purpose. To evaluate COVID-associated lesions of the posterior segment of the eye and analyze them in terms of severity. Material and methods. The study was carried out at the Republican Clinical Ophthalmological Hospital of the Ministry of Healthcare of Chuvashia, Cheboksary. For the period from May 2020 to April 2021, 58 complaints were registered from patients with a sharp deterioration in vision against the background of a confirmed coronavirus infection. All patients underwent a standard ophthalmologic examination. After the examination and verification of the diagnosis, the patients were divided into two groups. The first group: COVID - associated vascular diseases of the posterior segment of the eye, and the second group - COVID - associated inflammatory diseases of the posterior segment of the eye. Results. In the first group, when macular edema was detected using OCT, intravitreal instillation of ranibizumab (the average number of injections was 3) followed by paravasal laser coagulation of the retina. In the second group, patients received pathogenetic therapy - glucocorticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, desensitizing drugs both locally and systemically, cycloplegia. We noted that COVID-associated inflammatory diseases of the posterior eye segment are distinguished by the severity of the course, a tendency to relapse and, often, an unfavorable outcome. Conclusions. Coronavirus infection tends to affect the posterior segment of the eye. COVID-associated diseases of the posterior segment of the eye are distinguished by the severity of the course, a tendency to relapse and, often, an unfavorable outcome. In young patients, inflammatory manifestations of coronavirus infection in the posterior segment of the eye predominate. It can be assumed that coronavirus infection is neurotropic according to the frequent involvement of the optic nerve in the pathological process. Key words: coronavirus infection, posterior segment of the eye, COVID-associated vascular diseases of the posterior segment of the eye, COVID-associated inflammatory diseases of the posterior segment, neurotropicity.

Endothelial immunogenicity – A matter of matrix microarchitecture

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (08) ◽  
pp. 278-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shmuel Hess ◽  
Elazer Edelman ◽  
Heiko Methe
Keyword(s):  
T Regulatory Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Matrix Composition ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Membrane Composition ◽  
State Matrix ◽  
Selective Permeability ◽  
Cytokine Stimulation

SummaryThe endothelium is a highly specialized active interface between blood and the underlying tissues, maintaining vascular tone, thrombo-resistance and selective permeability to cells and proteins. It is also an important regulator of inflammatory diseases, and endothelial-leukocyte interactions often herald complex diseases with an inflammatory component.Yet, the exact mechanisms promoting immune activation of endothelial cells (EC) are incompletely understood. Knowledge is accumulating that the immediate environment defines the cellular phenotype, whereby matrix composition and spatial formation (three- versus two-dimensional) seem to act as pivotal mediators. Here we summarize current findings denoting a key role of matrix environment in regulating endothelial immunogenicity. The immune response to three-dimensional matrix-embedded EC stands in stark contrast to the response engendered by injection of these same cells in their free state. Matrix-embedding confers a quiescent endothelial state with reduced expression levels of chemokines, adhesion, costimulatory, and major histocompatibility complex II molecules. Compared to EC grown on two-dimensional tissue culture plates, cytokine-stimulation of matrixembedded EC results in significantly reduced adhesion of natural killer cells and proliferation of co-cultivated allogeneicT cells. On the contrary, matrix-embedded EC induce an immune-inhibitory phenotype of dendritic cells and T regulatory cells to a greater extent than non-embedded EC. As vascular diseases are associated with profound changes in basement membrane composition and overall tissue architecture, our results indicate that the immediate environment of EC might play a pivotal role in initiating and regulating of different vascular diseases. Cell-matrix interconnections appear to govern endothelial immunogenicity and interactions between EC and immune cells.

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