scholarly journals Ingestion of Leucine + Phenylalanine with Glucose Produces an Additive Effect on Serum Insulin but Less than Additive Effect on Plasma Glucose

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer F. Iverson ◽  
Mary C. Gannon ◽  
Frank Q. Nuttall
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Free Body ◽  
The Individual

Most individual amino acids stimulate insulin secretion and attenuate the plasma glucose response when ingested with glucose. We determined whether ingestion of two amino acids simultaneously with glucose would result in an additive effect on the glucose area response compared with ingestion of amino acids individually. Leucine and phenylalanine were chosen because they were two of the most potent glucose-lowering amino acids when given individually. Eight healthy subjects were studied on four separate days. Test meals were given at 0800. The first meal was a water control. Subjects then received 25 g glucose or leucine + phenylalanine (1 mmol/kg fat free body mass each) ±25 g glucose in random order. Glucose, insulin and glucagon were measured frequently for 2.5 hours thereafter. Net areas under the curves were calculated using the mean fasting value as baseline. The insulin response to leucine + phenylalanine was additive. In contrast, the decrease in glucose response to leucine + phenylalanine + glucose was less than additive compared to the individual amino acids ingested with glucose. Interestingly, the insulin response to the combination was largely due to the leucine component, whereas the glucose response was largely due to the phenylalanine component. Glucose was unchanged when leucine or phenylalanine, alone or in combination, was ingested without glucose. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01471509.

scholarly journals Interaction of Ingested Leucine with Glycine on Insulin and Glucose Concentrations

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer F. Iverson ◽  
Mary C. Gannon ◽  
Frank Q. Nuttall
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Area Response ◽  
Glucagon Concentration

The majority of individual amino acids increase insulin and attenuate the plasma glucose response when ingested with glucose. Objective. To determine whether ingestion of two amino acids simultaneously, with glucose, would result in an additive effect. Leucine (Leu) and glycine (Gly) were chosen because they were two of the most potent glucose-lowering amino acids when given individually. Materials and Methods. Nine subjects received test items on four separate days. The first was a water control, then 25 g glucose, or Leu + Gly (1 mmol/kg fat-free mass each) ±25 g glucose, in random order. Glucose, insulin, and glucagon were measured frequently for 2.5 hours. Net areas were calculated. Results. The glucose area response decreased by 66%. The insulin area response increased by 24% after ingestion of Leu + Gly + glucose compared to ingestion of glucose alone. The decrease in glucose response was not additive; the increase in insulin response was far less than additive when compared to previously published individual amino acid results. The glucagon concentration remained unchanged. Conclusion. There is an interaction between Leu and Gly that results in a markedly attenuated glucose response. This occurred with a very modest increase in insulin response. Changes in glucagon response could not explain the results. The mechanism is unknown.

scholarly journals Fasting Glucose Response to Evening Snacks That Differ by Carbohydrate and Fat Composition: A 6-Week, Randomized, Crossover Trial in Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1143-1143
Author(s):  
Philip Sapp ◽  
Kristina Petersen ◽  
Penny Kris-Etherton
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Crossover Trial ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Randomized Crossover Trial

Abstract Objectives To examine the effect of consuming one ounce of peanuts (PNUT) as an evening snack on fasting plasma glucose and other cardiovascular disease risk factors, compared to an isocaloric lower fat higher carbohydrate snack (LFHC), in individuals with IFG. Methods Fifty-one individuals with IFG (52% male; 42 ± 15 y; BMI 28 ± 5.6 kg/m2; glucose 105 ± 4.9 mg/dL) were enrolled in this two-period, randomized, crossover trial. In random order, subjects consumed each snack in the evening (after dinner and before bedtime) for 6 weeks (PNUT: 164 kcal, 14 g fat, 2.2 g saturated fat, 6 g carbohydrate, 7 g protein, 2.4 g fiber; LFHC: 165 kcal, 6 g fat, 2 g saturated fat, 22 g carbohydrate, 7 g protein, 3.0 g fiber). Subjects were told not to consume other caloric foods/beverages after dinner. On two consecutive days at the beginning and end of each diet period a fasting blood sample was assessed for plasma glucose, serum lipids/lipoproteins, and insulin. Blood pressure (BP) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured at each time point. Results Compared with baseline (100 mg/dL, 95% CI 99, 102), glucose was unchanged following both conditions (PNUT: −0.9 mg/dL 95% CI −2.1, 1.3; LFHC: −0.4 mg/dL 95% CI −2.6, 0.8) with no between-condition difference (P > 0.05). Changes for LDL-C from baseline differed between conditions (−4.8 mg/dL; 95% CI −9.2, −0.4); there were no within-condition changes from baseline (LFHC −2.3 mg/dL, 95% CI −5.7, 1.0; PNUT 2.5 mg/dL, 95% CI −0.9, 5.8). Greater triglyceride lowering was observed with PNUT (−17 mg/dL, 95% CI −28, −6.2) vs. LFHC (−5.7 mg/dL, 95% CI −17, 5.1). There were no condition effects for weight, HDL-C, insulin, BP or PWV. In a post hoc analysis of subjects who had IFG (>99 mg/dL) at baseline (107 mg/dL, 95% CI 106, 108), glucose was lowered compared to baseline for both conditions (PNUT: −2.6 mg/dL, 95% CI −4.6, −0.6; LFHC: −3.1 mg/dL, 95% CI −5.1, −1.0). Conclusions In individuals with IFG, consuming a relatively low-calorie, mixed macronutrient, nighttime snack improves fasting glucose levels. Greater reductions in triglycerides were observed with evening peanut consumption, which may be explained by the lower carbohydrate and higher fat content. Funding Sources The Peanut Institute Supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health.

scholarly journals The Impact of Amino Acids on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Kinetics in Humans: A Quantitative Overview

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3211
Author(s):  
Bart van Sloun ◽  
Gijs H. Goossens ◽  
Balazs Erdos ◽  
Michael Lenz ◽  
Natal van Riel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Insulin Kinetics ◽  
Glucose Intake ◽  
Acute Ingestion ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Healthy Participants

Different amino acids (AAs) may exert distinct effects on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. A quantitative comparison of the effects of AAs on glucose and insulin kinetics in humans is currently lacking. PubMed was queried to identify intervention studies reporting glucose and insulin concentrations after acute ingestion and/or intravenous infusion of AAs in healthy adults and those living with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The systematic literature search identified 55 studies that examined the effects of l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-alanine, l-glutamine, l-arginine, l-lysine, glycine, l-proline, l-phenylalanine, l-glutamate, branched-chain AAs (i.e., l-leucine, l-isoleucine, and l-valine), and multiple individual l-AAs on glucose and insulin concentrations. Oral ingestion of most individual AAs induced an insulin response, but did not alter glucose concentrations in healthy participants. Specific AAs (i.e., leucine and isoleucine) co-ingested with glucose exerted a synergistic effect on the postprandial insulin response and attenuated the glucose response compared to glucose intake alone in healthy participants. Oral AA ingestion as well as intravenous AA infusion was able to stimulate an insulin response and decrease glucose concentrations in T2DM and obese individuals. The extracted information is publicly available and can serve multiple purposes such as computational modeling.

Effects of pectin on glycaemia and insulinaemia after starch loading in normal, alloxan diabetic, and pancreatic duct-occluded rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Isaksson ◽  
Bo Ahrén ◽  
Ingemar Ihse ◽  
Ingmar Lundquist
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Duct ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Digestive Enzyme Activities

Abstract. In normal rats, and in rats with reduced intraluminal amylolytic activity, acute administration of low methoxyl pectin with soluble starch via an oro-gastric tube was found to delay starch digestion. In normal rats pectin slightly lowered plasma glucose levels after a starch load. In pancreatic duct-occluded rats, in which intestinal pancreatic digestive enzyme activities are markedly reduced, an increased insulin secretion and a reduced glucose response were seen after starch loading even without the addition of pectin, when compared to normal control rats. In these duct-occluded rats pectin was found to further reduce starch digestion, and markedly suppress plasma glucose levels after a starch load without changing plasma insulin levels. In moderately alloxan diabetic rats, in which intestinal amylase activity also was substantially reduced, pectin reduced the glucose response to starch to a similar extent (about 30%) as in duct-occluded rats without changing the impaired insulin response. The results suggest that pancreatic insufficiency accompanied by reduced intraluminal activities of pancreatic digestive enzyme activities may be associated with a decreased glucose and an increased insulin response to starch loading and that the ability of dietary fibre to reduce postprandial glycaemia may, inter alia, involve an inhibiting action by fibre on starch digestion, especially manifested in conditions of amylolytic insufficiency.

scholarly journals The Time Course of Human Milk Insulin and Glucose Response to an Oral Glucose Challenge - A Case Study (P11-045-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Young ◽  
Sarah Westmoreland ◽  
Carl D'Angio ◽  
Nancy Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Glucose Challenge ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives It is often cited that insulin in human milk (HM) increases postprandially along with maternal serum insulin. However, this response has never been documented in humans, and the characteristics of this increase remain unstudied. Methods Two healthy lactating women emptied their breasts after a fast (> 8 hours) using an electric breast pump. After consuming a 50g glucose water, each woman emptied a single breast at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Skim milk was generated via centrifugation and HM glucose and insulin were measured via hexokinase assay and chemiluminescent immunoassay (Beckman Coulter). At each of these time points maternal blood was collected via finger prick and capillary glucose measured via handheld glucometer. Additional blood was spotted onto a dried blood spot (DBS) card, and maternal insulin was measured from the DBS cards via Ultrasensitive ELISA (Mercodia). Results Both insulin and glucose concentrations rose in HM after the glucose load (Figure A, B). The amplitudes of both HM insulin and glucose were lower than that of maternal circulation. Neither HM insulin nor glucose were correlated with concentrations in maternal blood. However insulin concentrations were tightly correlated with glucose concentrations in both HM (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.84) and maternal blood (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.72). At 2 hours post-glucose challenge, both maternal blood insulin and glucose had returned to near fasting levels (insulin: 15.1 ± 7.8 µU/mL; glucose: 107 ± 4 mg/dL). However, HM insulin and glucose concentrations remained elevated (Figure A, B). At 2 hours, HM insulin remained 13 times higher than fasting concentrations and HM glucose remained 3.9 times higher than fasting concentrations. Conclusions To our knowledge, these are the first data in humans to characterize the time course of HM insulin response to an oral glucose challenge. These data will inform the design of HM composition studies when free-living HM samples are collected. The impact of variation in these components over the day on the recipient infant deserves further research. Funding Sources Internally Funded. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Attenuation of glycaemic and insulin responses following tapioca resistant maltodextrin consumption in healthy subjects: a randomised cross-over controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junaida Astina ◽  
Suwimol Sapwarobol
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Postprandial Plasma Glucose ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tolerability ◽  
Resistant Maltodextrin

Abstract Resistant maltodextrin (RMD) from various sources of starch has been extensively studied. However, studies which reported the effects of tapioca RMD (TRM) on glucose and insulin response are lacking. This study investigated the effect of TRM on postprandial plasma glucose and serum insulin in healthy subjects. Additionally, satiety and gastrointestinal tolerability were also evaluated. Sixteen healthy participants received five different treatments on five separate days. Participants received 50 g of either: glucose (GL), tapioca maltodextrin (TM), TRM, MIX15% (7⋅5 g TRM + 42⋅5 g TM) or MIX50% (25 g TRM + 25 g TM). Plasma glucose, serum insulin and subjective appetite responses were measured postprandially over 180 min. Gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated by questionnaire before and after each test day. Results showed that at 30 min after treatment drinks, plasma glucose after TRM was significantly lowest (104⋅60 (sem 2⋅63 mg/dl) than after GL (135⋅87 (sem 4⋅88) mg/dl; P <0⋅001), TM (127⋅93 (sem 4⋅05) mg/dl; P = 0⋅001), MIX15% (124⋅67 (sem 5⋅73) mg/dl; P = 0⋅039) and MIX50% (129⋅33 (sem 5⋅23) mg/dl; P = 0⋅003) (1 mg/dl = 0⋅0555 mmol/l). In addition, TRM also significantly reduced serum insulin (13⋅01 (sem 2⋅12) μIU/ml) compared with GL (47⋅90 (sem 11⋅93) μIU/ml; P = 0⋅013), TM (52⋅96 (sem 17⋅68) μIU/ml; P = 0⋅002) and MIX50% (33⋅16 (sem 4⋅99) μIU/ml; P = 0⋅008). However, there were no significant differences in subjective appetite between treatments (P > 0⋅05). A single high dose of TRM (50 g) caused flatulence (P < 0⋅05). Tapioca resistant maltodextrin has low digestibility in the small intestine and, therefore, reduced incremental plasma glucose and serum insulin, without affecting satiety in healthy subjects over 180 min. Gastrointestinal tolerability of TRM should be considered when consumed in high doses.

Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1854-1859 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Zawadzki ◽  
B. B. Yaspelkis ◽  
J. L. Ivy
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Insulin Responses

Carbohydrate, protein, and carbohydrate-protein supplements were compared to determine their effects on muscle glycogen storage during recovery from prolonged exhaustive exercise. Nine male subjects cycled for 2 h on three separate occasions to deplete their muscle glycogen stores. Immediately and 2 h after each exercise bout, they ingested 112.0 g carbohydrate (CHO), 40.7 g protein (PRO), or 112.0 g carbohydrate and 40.7 g protein (CHO-PRO). Blood samples were drawn before exercise, immediately after exercise, and throughout recovery. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis immediately and 4 h after exercise. During recovery the plasma glucose response of the CHO treatment was significantly greater than that of the CHO-PRO treatment, but the plasma insulin response of the CHO-PRO treatment was significantly greater than that of the CHO treatment. Both the CHO and CHO-PRO treatments produced plasma glucose and insulin responses that were greater than those produced by the PRO treatment (P less than 0.05). The rate of muscle glycogen storage during the CHO-PRO treatment [35.5 +/- 3.3 (SE) mumol.g protein-1.h-1] was significantly faster than during the CHO treatment (25.6 +/- 2.3 mumol.g protein-1.h-1), which was significantly faster than during the PRO treatment (7.6 +/- 1.4 mumol.g protein-1.h-1). The results suggest that postexercise muscle glycogen storage can be enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement as a result of the interaction of carbohydrate and protein on insulin secretion.

scholarly journals Effects of consumption of main and side dishes with white rice on postprandial glucose, insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses in healthy Japanese men

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 1632-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Kameyama ◽  
Chizuko Maruyama ◽  
Sadako Matsui ◽  
Risa Araki ◽  
Yuichiro Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Postprandial Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Side Dishes ◽  
Meal Consumption

The co-ingestion of protein, fat and fibre with carbohydrate reportedly affects postprandial glucose, insulin and incretin (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)) responses. However, the effects of combination dishes with carbohydrate-rich foods at typically eaten amounts remain unclear. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of consuming recommended amounts of side dishes with boiled white rice in the same meal on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and incretin hormone responses. A total of nine healthy male volunteers consumed four different meals in a random order on separate days. The test meals were as follows: S, white rice; SM, addition of protein-rich main dishes to the S meal; SMF, addition of a fat-rich food item to the SM meal; SMFV, addition of vegetables to the SMF meal. Plasma glucose, GIP and GLP-1 and serum insulin concentrations were determined during a 3 h period after consumption of these meals. Postprandial glucose responses were lower after SMFV meal consumption than after consumption of the other meals. The incremental AUC for GIP (0–180 min) were largest after consumption of the SMF and SMFV meals, followed by that after SM meal consumption, and was smallest after S meal consumption (P< 0·05). Furthermore, we found GIP concentrations to be dose dependently increased by the fat content of meals of ordinary size, despite the amount of additional fat being small. In conclusion, the combination of recommended amounts of main and vegetable side dishes with boiled white rice is beneficial for lowering postprandial glucose concentrations, with an increased incretin response, when compared with white rice alone.

scholarly journals A Blend of Phellodendron and Crape Myrtle Improves Glucose Tolerance in Exercise-Trained Men

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. NMI.S7837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Canale ◽  
Tyler M. Farney ◽  
Cameron G. McCarthy ◽  
Richard J. Bloomer
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Condition Effect

Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of a nutritional supplement containing a proprietary blend of Phellodendron and Crape Myrtle on serum glucose and insulin in response to a modified oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Methods Using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design, 10 exercise-trained, non-diabetic men reported to the lab in a 10 hour fasted state, on two different mornings separated by 1-2 weeks, and were subjected to an OGTT by ingesting a 75 gram dextrose solution. Fifteen minutes prior to the OGTT subjects ingested either a dietary supplement containing a blend of Phellodendron and Crape Myrtle (SUPP) or a placebo (PLA). Blood samples were collected before ingestion of the SUPP or PLA and at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes postingestion of the dextrose load. Samples were analyzed for serum glucose and insulin. Results In relation to serum glucose, a condition effect was noted ( P = 0.01), with values lower for SUPP compared to PLA. In relation to serum insulin, a trend for a condition effect was noted ( P = 0.06), with values lower for SUPP compared to PLA. Conclusion These findings indicate that acute ingestion of a dietary supplement containing a blend of Phellodendron and Crape Myrtle can lower the serum glucose response to a modified OGTT, while resulting in a non-significant attenuation in insulin response. These data are specific to a small sample of exercise-trained, non-diabetic men.

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