scholarly journals Comparison of Technological Options for Distributed Generation-Combined Heat and Power in Rajasthan State of India

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Kumar Agrawal ◽  
Kamal Kishore Khatri
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Load Factor ◽  
Chp System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ci Engines ◽  
Technological Options

Distributed generation (DG) of electricity is expected to become more important in the future electricity generation system. This paper reviews the different technological options available for DG. DG offers a number of potential benefits. The ability to use the waste heat from fuel-operated DG, known as combined heat and power (CHP), offers both reduced costs and significant reductions of CO2emissions. The overall efficiency of DG-CHP system can approach 90 percent, a significant improvement over the 30 to 35 percent electric grid efficiency and 50 to 90 percent industrial boiler efficiency when separate production is used. The costs of generation of electricity from six key DG-CHP technologies; gas engines, diesel engines, biodiesel CI engines, microturbines, gas turbines, and fuel cells, are calculated. The cost of generation is dependent on the load factor and the discount rate. It is found that annualized life cycle cost (ALCC) of the DG-CHP technologies is approximately half that of the DG technologies without CHP. Considering the ALCC of different DG-CHP technologies, the gas I.C. engine CHP is the most effective for most of the cases but biodiesel CI engine CHP seems to be a promising DG-CHP technology in near future for Rajasthan state due to renewable nature of the fuel.

Development of Rotary Engine Based Micro-DG/CHP System

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Hack ◽  
Max R. Venaas ◽  
Vince G. McDonell ◽  
Tod M. Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Waste Heat Recovery ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rotary Engine ◽  
Chp System ◽  
Performance Results

Small scale Distributed Generation with waste heat recovery (<50 kW power output, micro-DG/CHP) is an expanding market supporting the widespread deployment of on-site generation to much larger numbers of facilities. The benefits of increased overall thermal efficiency, reduced pollutant emissions, and grid/microgrid support provided by DG/CHP can be maximized with greater quantities of smaller systems that better match the electric and thermal on-site loads. The 3-year CEC funded program to develop a natural gas fueled automotive based rotary engine for micro-DG/CHP, capitalizing upon the unique attributes engine configuration will be presented including initial performance results and plans for the balance of the program.

Techno-Economic Optimal Design of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems for Micro-Combined Heat and Power Applications in the U.S.

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Oxide Fuel ◽  
Chp System ◽  
System Configurations ◽  
System Designs ◽  
The U.S

A techno-economic optimization study investigating optimal design and operating strategies of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) micro-combined heat and power (CHP) systems for application in U.S. residential dwellings is carried out through modeling and simulation of various anode-supported planar SOFC-based system configurations. Five different SOFC system designs operating from either methane or hydrogen fuels are evaluated in terms of their energetic and economic performances and their overall suitability for meeting residential thermal-to-electric ratios. Life-cycle cost models are developed and employed to generate optimization objective functions, which are utilized to explore the sensitivity of the life-cycle costs to various system designs and economic parameters and to select optimal system configurations and operating parameters for eventual application in single-family, detached residential homes in the U.S. The study compares the results against a baseline SOFC-CHP system that employs primarily external steam reforming of methane. The results of the study indicate that system configurations and operating parameter selections that enable minimum life-cycle cost while achieving maximum CHP-system efficiency are possible. Life-cycle cost reductions of over 30% and CHP efficiency improvements of nearly 20% from the baseline system are detailed.

Advanced Heat Recovery Technology Improves Efficiency and Reduces Emissions

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Septimus van der Linden ◽  
Mario Romero
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Processing Plants

An advanced patented process [1] for generating power from waste heat sources can be put to use in Industrial operations where much of the heat is wasted and going up the stack. This waste heat can be efficiently recovered to generate electrical power. Benefits include: use of waste industrial process heat as a fuel source that, in most cases, has represented nothing more than wasted thermal pollution for decades, stable and predictable generation capability on a 24 × 7 basis. This means that as an efficiency improvement resource, unlike wind and solar, the facility continues to generate clean reliable power. One of the many advantages of generating power from waste heat is the advantage for distributed generation; by producing power closer to its ultimate use, it thereby reduces transmission line congestion and losses, in addition, distributed generation eliminates the 4% to 8% power losses due to transmission and distribution associated with central generation. Beneficial applications of heat recovery power generation can be found in numerous industries (e.g. steel, glass, cement, lime, pulp and paper, refining, electric utilities and petrochemicals), Power Generation (CHP, MSW, biomass, biofuel, traditional fuels, Gasifiers, diesel engines) and Natural Gas (pipeline compression stations, processing plants). This presentation will cover the WOW Energy technology Organic Rankine Cascading Closed Loop Cycle — CCLC, as well as provide case studies in power generation using Internal Combustion engines and Gas Turbines on pipelines, where 20% to 40% respectively additional electricity power is recovered. This is achieved without using additional fuel, and therefore improving the fuel use efficiency and resulting lower carbon footprint. The economic analysis and capital recovery payback period based on varying Utility rates will be explained as well as the potential Tax credits, Emission credits and other incentives that are often available. Further developments and Pilot plant results on fossil fired plant flue gas emissions reductions will be reported to illustrate the full potential of the WOW Energy CCLC system focusing on increasing efficiency and reducing emissions.

Performance Analysis on SOFC-HCCI Engine Hybrid System

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Park ◽  
Young Duk Lee ◽  
Sang Gyu Kang ◽  
Kook Young Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Hybrid Systems ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Metal Catalyst ◽  
Molten Carbonate ◽  
Hcci Engine ◽  
Ci Engines

Fuel cell systems are currently regarded as a promising type of energy conversion system. Various types of fuel cell have been developed and investigated worldwide for portable, automotive, and stationary applications. In particular, in the case of large-scale stationary applications, the high-temperature fuel cells known as the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) have been used as a power source due to their higher efficiency compared to low-temperature fuel cells. Because SOFCs have many advantages, including a high power density, low corrosion, and operability without a metal catalyst, many efforts to develop a SOFC hybrid system have been undertaken. SOFC hybrid systems with a gas turbine or engine show improved system efficiency through their utilization of waste heat and unreacted fuel. Especially, the internal combustion engine has the advantage of robustness, easy maintenance, and a low cost compared to gas turbines, this type is more adaptable for use in a hybrid system with a SOFC. However, the engine should be operated stably at a high air fuel ratio because the SOFC anode exhaust gas has a low fuel concentration. The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine has both the advantages of SI and CI engines. Moreover, the lean burn characteristics of the HCCI engine make it a strong candidate for SOFC hybrid systems. The objective of this work is to develop a novel cycle composed of a SOFC and a HCCI engine. In order to optimize the SOFC-HCCI hybrid system, a system analysis is conducted here using the commercial software Aspen Plus®. The SOFC model is validated with experimental data. The engine model is developed based on an empirical equation that considers the ignition delay time. The performance of the hybrid system is compared with that of a SOFC stand-alone system to confirm the optimization of the system. This study will be useful for the development of a new type of hybrid system which uses a fuel cell and an optimized system.

Evaluation of Air Filtration Options for an Industrial Gas Turbine

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Perullo ◽  
Josh Barron ◽  
Dale Grace ◽  
Leonard Angello ◽  
Tim Lieuwen
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Air Filtration ◽  
Unit Output ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Unit Performance

Gas turbines ingest large quantities of air during operation. As a result, large quantities of foreign particles ranging in size from smoke (0.01 to 1.0 micron) to pollen (10 micron) enter the unit and can contribute to both fouling and erosion depending on particle size. Fouling and erosion both lead to reductions in unit output and efficiency resulting in increased operational cost. Operators have historically combatted fouling through a combination of online water washes, more effective off-line water washes, and air filtration. As is the case with almost all engineering problems, the trade-off between the cost and effectiveness of these methods must be evaluated. Online washing is somewhat effective but has led to first stage blade erosion and unit trips in some cases. Off-line washing is more effective at cleaning the unit, but requires the unit to be shut down for extended periods of time. Air filtration can help prevent foreign particles from entering the unit, but higher efficiency filters are generally associated with a larger inlet pressure drop, leading to decreased unit output; this is balanced against reduced fouling rates. These tradeoffs between the costs associated with higher efficiency filters and the frequency of compressor washing need to be evaluated on a plant-by-plant basis to determine the best combination of air filtration and compressor washing programs. This paper presents a field study carried out to determine the effectiveness of high efficiency filters in preventing compressor fouling. Fourteen units at four sites were monitored over a 9 month to 3 year time period to determine the changes in unit performance and the impact of water washes on unit performance for both pre and final filters of lower and higher efficiency ratings. Results to date indicate that higher efficiency filters are effective at reducing the need for off-line water washes and potentially reduce life-cycle cost. Reduced output from the higher pressure drop, high efficiency filters is offset by the better performance retention offered from reduced fouling rates.

Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential With Combined Heat and Power With Distributed Generation Prime Movers

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott J. Curran ◽  
Timothy J. Theiss ◽  
Michael J. Bunce
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
Electrical Generation ◽  
The U.S

Pending or recently enacted greenhouse gas regulations and mandates are leading to the need for current and feasible GHG reduction solutions including combined heat and power (CHP). Distributed generation using advanced reciprocating engines, gas turbines, microturbines and fuel cells has been shown to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) compared to the U.S. electrical generation mix due to the use of natural gas and high electrical generation efficiencies of these prime movers. Many of these prime movers are also well suited for use in CHP systems which recover heat generated during combustion or energy conversion. CHP increases the total efficiency of the prime mover by recovering waste heat for generating electricity, replacing process steam, hot water for buildings or even cooling via absorption chilling. The increased efficiency of CHP systems further reduces GHG emissions compared to systems which do not recover waste thermal energy. Current GHG mandates within the U.S Federal sector and looming GHG legislation for states puts an emphasis on understanding the GHG reduction potential of such systems. This study compares the GHG savings from various state-of-the-art prime movers. GHG reductions from commercially available prime movers in the 1–5 MW class including, various industrial fuel cells, large and small gas turbines, micro turbines and reciprocating gas engines with and without CHP are compared to centralized electricity generation including the U.S. mix and the best available technology with natural gas combined cycle power plants. The findings show significant GHG saving potential with the use of CHP. Also provided is an exploration of the accounting methodology for GHG reductions with CHP and the sensitivity of such analyses to electrical generation efficiency, emissions factors and most importantly recoverable heat and thermal recovery efficiency from the CHP system.

Evaluation of Energy, Environmental, and Economic Characteristics of Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power Systems for Residential Applications

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Burak Gunes ◽  
Michael W. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Chp System

Residential combined heat and power (CHP) systems using fuel cell technology can provide both electricity and heat and can substantially reduce the energy and environmental impact associated with residential applications. The energy, environmental, and economic characteristics of fuel cell CHP systems are investigated for single-family residential applications. Hourly energy use profiles for electricity and thermal energy are determined for typical residential applications. A mathematical model of a residential fuel cell based CHP system is developed. The CHP system incorporates a fuel cell system to supply electricity and thermal energy, a vapor compression heat pump to provide cooling in the summer and heating in the winter, and a thermal storage tank to help match the available thermal energy to the thermal energy needs. The performance of the system is evaluated for different climates. Results from the study include an evaluation of the major design parameters of the system, load duration curves, an evaluation of the effect of climate on energy use characteristics, an assessment of the reduction in emissions, and a comparison of the life cycle cost of the fuel cell based CHP system to the life cycle costs of conventional residential energy systems. The results suggest that the fuel cell CHP system provides substantial energy and environmental benefits but that the cost of the fuel cell sub-system must be reduced to roughly $500/kWe before the system can be economically justified.

Fundamental thermodynamics of fuel cell, engine, and combined heat and power system efficiencies

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (6) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
F J Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Equilibrium Diagram ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Chemical Exergy ◽  
Chp System ◽  
The Right

At the 2001 Grove Symposium on Fuel Cells attended by representatives of the world-wide fuel cell industry, fuel cells and fuel cells integrated with gas turbines were discussed. Combined heat and power (CHP) aspects were also discussed. Without exception, efficiency figures were irrationally based on the measured, Carnot-limited, lower calorific value (CV) of the fuel in energy units J. The rational basis, on the other hand, is the fuel chemical exergy (work units, Ws) calculated via an equilibrium diagram. In Joules experiment 1 Ws ≫ 1 J, where the irreversible ≫ must not become an = sign. A misnomer like potential energy (exergy) fits on the left of the diagram, CV on the right. Moreover credence was also given, at the symposium, to the popular misconception that a CHP system has an efficiency of the order of 80 per cent. An essential precursor to reading the paper is to grasp the theory of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constants [3] as an aid to exploring the equilibrium diagram mentioned above.

Solar Desalination Based on Micro Gas Turbines Driven by Parabolic Dish Collectors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sánchez ◽  
Miguel Rollán ◽  
Lourdes García-Rodríguez ◽  
G. S. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Distillation Unit ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper presents the preliminary design and techno-economic assessment of an innovative solar system for the simultaneous production of water and electricity at small scale, based on the combination of a solar micro gas turbine and a bottoming desalination unit. The proposed layout is such that the former system converts solar energy into electricity and rejects heat that can be used to drive a thermal desalination plant. A design model is developed in order to select the main design parameters for two different desalination technologies, phase change and membrane desalination, in order to better exploit the available electricity and waste heat from the turbine. In addition to the usual design parameters of the mGT, the impact of the size of the collector is also assessed and, for the desalination technologies, a tailored multi-effect distillation unit is analysed through the selection of the corresponding design parameters. A reverse osmosis desalination system is also designed in parallel, based on commercial software currently used by the water industry. The results show that the electricity produced by the solar micro gas turbine can be used to drive a Reverse Osmosis system effectively whereas the exhaust gases could drive a distillation unit. This would decrease the stack temperature of the plant, increasing the overall energy efficiency of the system. Nevertheless, the better thermodynamic performance of this fully integrated system does not translate into a more economical production of water. Indeed, the cost of water turns out lower when coupling the solar microturbine and Reverse Osmosis units only (between 3 and 3.5 €/m3), whilst making further use the available waste heat in a Multi Effect Distillation system rises the cost of water by 15%.

scholarly journals Assessing the Economics of Industrial Gas Turbine Cogeneration Applications

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane P. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Load Factor ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

Gas turbines are often used at industrial plants to generate electricity. However, turbines convert a greater portion of the input fuel into waste heat than into electricity. The degree to which this waste heat can be captured and used to produce steam, hot water, or simply hot air for drying, greatly improves the overall efficiency of the turbine system. This process is called cogeneration. There is no question that cogeneration can improve overall efficiencies. The question is whether cogeneration can be accomplished in an economic manner. This paper presents a straight-forward methodology for comparing the costs and benefits associated with cogeneration. All costs and savings are converted to a consistent before tax cent per kilowatt-hour basis. The inconsistencies encountered with simple payback analysis are avoided, as well as the complexities of discounted cash flow analysis. The effects of income taxes, depreciation, financing, and cogeneration load factor are incorporated.

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