Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential With Combined Heat and Power With Distributed Generation Prime Movers

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott J. Curran ◽  
Timothy J. Theiss ◽  
Michael J. Bunce
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
Electrical Generation ◽  
The U.S

Pending or recently enacted greenhouse gas regulations and mandates are leading to the need for current and feasible GHG reduction solutions including combined heat and power (CHP). Distributed generation using advanced reciprocating engines, gas turbines, microturbines and fuel cells has been shown to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) compared to the U.S. electrical generation mix due to the use of natural gas and high electrical generation efficiencies of these prime movers. Many of these prime movers are also well suited for use in CHP systems which recover heat generated during combustion or energy conversion. CHP increases the total efficiency of the prime mover by recovering waste heat for generating electricity, replacing process steam, hot water for buildings or even cooling via absorption chilling. The increased efficiency of CHP systems further reduces GHG emissions compared to systems which do not recover waste thermal energy. Current GHG mandates within the U.S Federal sector and looming GHG legislation for states puts an emphasis on understanding the GHG reduction potential of such systems. This study compares the GHG savings from various state-of-the-art prime movers. GHG reductions from commercially available prime movers in the 1–5 MW class including, various industrial fuel cells, large and small gas turbines, micro turbines and reciprocating gas engines with and without CHP are compared to centralized electricity generation including the U.S. mix and the best available technology with natural gas combined cycle power plants. The findings show significant GHG saving potential with the use of CHP. Also provided is an exploration of the accounting methodology for GHG reductions with CHP and the sensitivity of such analyses to electrical generation efficiency, emissions factors and most importantly recoverable heat and thermal recovery efficiency from the CHP system.

Economic Optimization of a Distributed Generation System for an Orifice Building

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Douglas ◽  
Michael K. Sahm ◽  
William J. Wepfer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Economic Optimization ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Reciprocating Engines ◽  
Natural Gas Prices ◽  
Electrical Generation ◽  
Selection Of

Methodologies have been developed to aid in selection of a candidate distributed generation system for use in meeting a building's electrical demand. The systems studied are comprised of a combination of microturbines and/or natural gas reciprocating engines. These systems could also be used as prime movers in a combined heat and power application. Economic optimizations have been performed in order to identify distributed generation/prime mover combinations and operating strategies that yield the lowest electrical generation cost. These optimizations take into account a finite set of operating scenarios and equipment combinations. In addition to the economic optimizations, a direct comparison of customer design considerations has been made, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of both microturbines and reciprocating engines. In this study, the optimal system for a 9290 m2 (100,000 ft2) office building in New York City at today's natural gas prices was determined to be a combination of natural gas reciprocating engines and microturbines. This system yielded a 5% reduction in generation costs over other cases examined including all homogeneous composition systems. With an increase in natural gas prices, the optimal case changes to be comprised solely of natural gas reciprocating engines. It has been shown that many factors are important to selection of optimal equipment including the specific end use load profile, cost of fuel, and system operating strategy.

DOE FE Distributed Generation Program

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Williams ◽  
Bruce R. Utz ◽  
Kevin M. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory ◽  
Hydrogen Economy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy’s (FE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), in partnership with private industries, is leading the development and demonstration of high efficiency solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and fuel cell turbine hybrid power generation systems for near term distributed generation (DG) markets with an emphasis on premium power and high reliability. NETL is partnering with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in developing new directions in research under the Solid-State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) initiative for the development and commercialization of modular, low cost, and fuel flexible SOFC systems. The SECA initiative, through advanced materials, processing and system integration research and development, will bring the fuel cell cost to $400 per kilowatt (kW) for stationary and auxiliary power unit (APU) markets. The President of the U.S. has launched us into a new hydrogen economy. The logic of a hydrogen economy is compelling. The movement to a hydrogen economy will accomplish several strategic goals. The U.S. can use its own domestic resources—solar, wind, hydro, and coal. The U.S. uses 20 percent of the world’s oil but has only 3 percent of resources. Also, the U.S. can reduce green house gas emissions. Clear Skies and Climate Change initiatives aim to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. SOFCs have no emissions, so they figure significantly in these DOE strategies. In addition, DG—SOFCs, reforming, energy storage—has significant benefit for enhanced security and reliability. The use of fuel cells in cars is expected to bring about the hydrogen economy. However, commercialization of fuel cells is expected to proceed first through portable and stationary applications. This logic says to develop SOFCs for a wide range of stationary and APU applications, initially for conventional fuels, then switch to hydrogen. Like all fuel cells, the SOFC will operate even better on hydrogen than conventional fuels. The SOFC hybrid is a key part of the FutureGen plants. FutureGen is a major new Presidential initiative to produce hydrogen from coal. The highly efficient SOFC hybrid plant will produce electric power and other parts of the plant could produce hydrogen and sequester CO2. The hydrogen produced can be used in fuel cell cars and for SOFC DG applications.

Aeroderivative Combined Heat and Power Fundementals and Applications

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
James DiCampli
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Draft Guidance ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Exhaust Heat

Combined heat and power (CHP), is an application that utilizes the exhaust heat generated from a gas turbine and converts it into a useful energy source for heating & cooling, or additional electric generation in combined cycle configurations. Compared to simple-cycle plants with no heat recovery, CHP plants emit fewer greenhouse gasses and other emissions, while generating significantly more useful energy per unit of fuel consumed. Clean plants are easier to permit, build and operate. Because of these advantages, Aeroderivative gas turbines will be a major part of global CHP growth, particularly in China. In order to improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions, China is working to build ∼1000 new plants of Natural Gas Distributed Energy System (NG-DES) in the next five years. These plants will replace conventional coal-fired plants with combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems. China power segments require an extensive steam supply for cooling, heating and industrial process steam demands, as well as higher peak loads due to high population densities and manufacturing growth rates. GE Energy Aero recently entered the CCHP segment in China, and supported the promotion of codes and standards for NG-DES policy, and is developing optimized CCHP gas turbine packages to meet requirements. This paper reviews those policies and requirements, and presents technical case studies on CCHP applications. Appendix B highlights China’s draft “Guidance Opinions on Developing Natural-Gas Distributed Energy.”

scholarly journals Experience With Gas Turbines as Prime Movers for Underground Storage of Natural Gas

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Operating Experience ◽  
Economic Planning ◽  
Underground Storage ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
The Past ◽  
Engine Compressor ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
Aircraft Type

Aircraft-type gas turbines have been used by Consumers Power Co. to provide power for the injection of natural gas into underground storage for the past five years. Special controls, auxiliary and driven equipment are required for this unique application. Operating experience has prompted numerous refinements as well as providing information for maintenance and economic planning. The paper describes the basic design of the engine-compressor units for a remotely controlled, unmanned compressor station as well as highlights from the operating experience with this application.

Biomass Gasification — Commercialization and Development: The Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Option

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Bain ◽  
Kevin C. Craig ◽  
Ralph P. Overend
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
The Public ◽  
Generation Capacity ◽  
Dedicated Energy Crops ◽  
Electrical Generation

World-wide, biomass is the most used nonfossil fuel and is expanding from its traditional thermal applications to more usage for liquid fuels and electricity. More than 9 gigawatts of biomass electrical generation capacity have been installed in the United States, primarily by forest products industries, since the Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) was passed. Combined heat and power (CHP) technologies promise to improve power-to-heat efficiencies to strengthen the economic viability of these electrical generating methods. These technologies, which are now being tested and demonstrated, employ industrial and aeroderivative gas turbines; use a variety of feedstocks including agricultural wastes, residues, and dedicated energy crops; and range in size from 8 MW to 75 MW. Specific demonstrations with the U.S. Department of Energy Biomass Power Program and partners in Vermont and Hawaii are discussed.

Exploring Use of Hydrogen for Extending Operability of a Full-Scale Annular Combustor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candy Hernandez ◽  
Vincent McDonell ◽  
Jacob Delimont ◽  
Gareth Oskam ◽  
Michael Ramotowski
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Annular Combustor ◽  
Reactor Network

Abstract In anticipation of increased use of hydrogen as a means of decarbonizing future power generation used widely in combined heat and power plants, studies are underway to understand how hydrogen impacts operability and emissions from existing low emission gas turbines. In the current study, a full-scale annular combustor is used to study how added hydrogen to methane (as a proxy for natural gas) impacts lean blow-off limits. Of particular interest is understanding if hydrogen can be used strategically to extend low emissions operation at lower load. This would facilitate use of gas turbines to offset intermittent renewable power which is becoming increasing integrated into microgrid environments where combined heat and power system are prevalent. A combined experimental and numerical approach is taken. Tests were carried out at Southwest Research Institute using a full-scale annular combustor test rig at elevated temperatures and atmospheric pressure. The individual fuel injectors used were piloted injectors based on natural gas injectors used in practice. Various blends of hydrogen and methane were tested for different scaled load conditions and different pilot to main fuel splits. Besides identifying the overall equivalence ratio at blow-off, measurements also included temperature uniformity at the exit plane and imaging of the reaction. To complement and extend the study a chemical reactor network approach was also applied. The reactor network was initially validated on a prior study involving use of a piloted model combustor. The reactor network was applied to the current configuration and further tuned to align with the measured data. The agreement between the reactor network blow-off and measured blow-off was reasonable. The validated reactor network was then used in combination with a statistically designed simulation matrix to derive a design tool. The tool is then used to estimate other performance features including CO emissions near LBO and the impacts of ambient humidity and the presence of higher hydrocarbons typically found in natural gas. The design tool quantifies the extent to which hydrogen content and pilot percentage can extended part load operability for the full annular combustor system.

Fundamental thermodynamics of fuel cell, engine, and combined heat and power system efficiencies

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (6) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
F J Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Equilibrium Diagram ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Chemical Exergy ◽  
Chp System ◽  
The Right

At the 2001 Grove Symposium on Fuel Cells attended by representatives of the world-wide fuel cell industry, fuel cells and fuel cells integrated with gas turbines were discussed. Combined heat and power (CHP) aspects were also discussed. Without exception, efficiency figures were irrationally based on the measured, Carnot-limited, lower calorific value (CV) of the fuel in energy units J. The rational basis, on the other hand, is the fuel chemical exergy (work units, Ws) calculated via an equilibrium diagram. In Joules experiment 1 Ws ≫ 1 J, where the irreversible ≫ must not become an = sign. A misnomer like potential energy (exergy) fits on the left of the diagram, CV on the right. Moreover credence was also given, at the symposium, to the popular misconception that a CHP system has an efficiency of the order of 80 per cent. An essential precursor to reading the paper is to grasp the theory of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constants [3] as an aid to exploring the equilibrium diagram mentioned above.

Rolls-Royce Power Generation Current Products and New Product Plans

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sy A. Ali ◽  
Robert R. Moritz
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Electrical Generation ◽  
Cycle Efficiency ◽  
Reduced Emissions

Aero-derivative gas turbines have been successfully serving the power generation, mechanical drive, and marine markets for 40 years. These products are well suited for distributed generation, with sizes in the range from 3 MW to 50+ MW. The Rolls-Royce group of companies provide vertical integration for aero-derivative based energy systems, having marketing, sales, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, and customer service capabilities. The 3– 6 MW, 501-K family serves power generation and cogeneration applications. The new 6–8 MW 601 is used for cogeneration and mechanical drive. The 15 MW Avon is widely applied to mechanical drives, offering exceptional reliability and low life cycle cost. The RB211 provides over 30 MW at high efficiency, and is used in mechanical drive and electrical generation. The 42% efficient, 50 MW, Trent is primarily intended for electrical generation. This engine retains a higher than usual degree of commonality with aero production modules, thus retaining the cost advantage of high volume production and benefits from continuous improvements in aero engines. Plans: Cost reduction of mature existing products will be achieved by “industrialization”, e.g. by alloy changes and shape simplification, of parts no longer in aero production. Better integrated packaging and “more electric aircraft” features are rapidly becoming a necessity in the competitive marketplace. The trend is toward minimizing and possibly eliminating mechanical drives and other components in a gas turbine to improve product quality, efficiency, reduce product cost, while enhancing product quality and the environment. In this regard, the approach being taken near term is to substitute normal oil bearings with Active Magnetic Bearings. Such an action would help eliminate high cost skid lubrication system components and some environmental hazards as well as reducing maintenance. Several programs will make contributions to environmental improvements through reduced emissions and the use of “renewable” fuels. A prototype 501-K has been supplied to operate on gasified coal, a reduced emissions path to generating electricity from coal. A dual fuel DLE combustion system for very high pressure ratio and turbine temperature is in development for the Trent, having downward compatibility with other company products. The Next Generation Gas Turbine (NGGT) project, sponsored by the US Department of Energy, will use an existing engine core. Advanced modules, including a long life “spiral” recuperator and cycle enhancements combine to yield 50% cycle efficiency at a reduced cost per kW. The goal is to produce a 50 MW class plant with “combined cycle efficiency at simple cycle cost.” The NGGT is suited to using alternate fuel for part of the energy input. Following evaluation of fuel cell/gas turbine hybrids, a specially suited gas turbine development is being initiated with sponsorship by the U.S. Department of Energy. The company is also conducting a solid oxide fuel cell program. An auxiliary power unit(APU) was developed and is now in production for the M1 tank. A “microturbine” derivative of this product is being considered for distributed generation.

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