scholarly journals Role of GLP-1 in the Hypoglycemic Effects of Wild Bitter Gourd

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-ni Huang ◽  
Kan-Ni Lu ◽  
Yi-Ping Pai ◽  
Chin Hsu ◽  
Ching-jang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Bitter Gourd ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Insulinogenic Index

This study aimed to examine the role of GLP-1 in the hypoglycemic activity of wild bitter gourd (Momordica charantiaL., BG). In vitro, the GLP-1 secretion in STC-1, a murine enteroendocrine cell line, was dose dependently stimulated by water extract (WE), its fractions (WEL, >3 kD and WES, <3 kD), and a bitter compounds-rich fraction of BG. These stimulations were partially inhibited by probenecid, a bitter taste receptor inhibitor, and by U-73122, a phospholipase Cβ2 inhibitor. These results suggested that the stimulation might involve, at least in part, certain bitter taste receptors and/or PLCβ2-signaling pathway. Two cucurbitane triterpenoids isolated from BG, 19-nor-cucurbita-5(10),6,8,22-(E),24-pentaen-3β-ol, and 5β,19-epoxycucurbita-6,24-diene-3β,23ξ-diol (karavilagenine E,) showed relative high efficacy in the stimulation. In vivo, mice fed BG diet showed higher insulinogenic index in an oral glucose tolerance test. A single oral dose of WE or WES pretreatment significantly improved intraperitoneal glucose tolerance. A single oral dose of WES significantly decreased glucose and increased insulin and GLP-1 in serum after 30 min. This acute hypoglycemic effect of WES was abolished by pretreatment with exendin-9, a GLP-1 receptor antagonist. Our data provide evidence that BG stimulates GLP-1 secretion which contributes, at least in part, to the antidiabetic activity of BG through an incretin effect.

scholarly journals Bitter Taste Receptor T2R14 Modulates Gram-Positive Bacterial Internalization and Survival in Gingival Epithelial Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9920
Author(s):  
Manoj Reddy Medapati ◽  
Anjali Yadav Bhagirath ◽  
Nisha Singh ◽  
Robert J. Schroth ◽  
Rajinder P. Bhullar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Gingival Epithelial Cells ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Bitter-taste receptors (T2Rs) have emerged as key players in host–pathogen interactions and important modulators of oral innate immunity. Previously, we reported that T2R14 is expressed in gingival epithelial cells (GECs) and interacts with competence stimulating peptides (CSPs) secreted by the cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. The underlying mechanisms of the innate immune responses and physiological effects of T2R14 on Gram-positive bacteria are not well characterized. In this study, we examined the role of T2R14 in internalization and growth inhibitory effects on Gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and S. mutans. We utilized CRISPR-Cas9 T2R14 knockdown (KD) GECs as the study model to address these key physiological mechanisms. Our data reveal that the internalization of S. aureus is significantly decreased, while the internalization of S. mutans remains unaffected upon knockdown of T2R14 in GECs. Surprisingly, GECs primed with S. mutans CSP-1 resulted in an inhibition of growth for S. aureus, but not for S. mutans. The GECs infected with S. aureus induced T2R14-dependent human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) secretion; however, S. mutans–infected GECs did not induce hBD-2 secretion, but induced T2R14 dependent IL-8 secretion. Interestingly, our results show that T2R14 KD affects the cytoskeletal reorganization in GECs, thereby inhibiting S. aureus internalization. Our study highlights the distinct mechanisms and a direct role of T2R14 in influencing physiological responses to Gram-positive bacteria in the oral cavity.

scholarly journals Role of Bitter Taste Receptor TAS2R38 In Colorectal Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonali Choudhury ◽  
Afreen Asif Ali Sayed ◽  
David Standing ◽  
Scott Weir ◽  
Roy Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptor

scholarly journals Role of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in Improving Urodynamic Parameters in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Preliminary Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Muzzain Iqbal ◽  
Sarbjit Singh Chhiber ◽  
Baldev Singh Wazir ◽  
Altaf Umar Ramzan ◽  
Mohammad Saleem Wani
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Bladder Capacity ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Bladder Compliance ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Urodynamic Parameters

Abstract Objective To analyze role of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors on urodynamic parameters in patients with suprasacral spinal cord injury. Materials and Methods This was a prospective observational hospital-based study conducted on a cohort of patients, aged between 18 and 65 years with suprasacral spinal cord injury, who were registered in Department of Neurosurgery/Urology. Cutoff period since injury was 2 years. After taking consent, baseline urodynamic study was performed, which was repeated 2 hours after taking single oral dose of 20 mg tadalafil. Urodynamic parameters such as maximum detrusor filling/voiding pressures, maximum bladder capacity, and bladder compliance before and after taking drug were compared for final results and conclusion. Results Following administration of 20 mg of tadalafil, maximum bladder capacity in mL showed statistically significant improvement from 268.39 ± 130.0 to 298.55 ± 112.0.(p < 0.05). Bladder compliance improved from 18.68 ± 6.4 to 20.25 ± 7.5 mL/cm H2O (p > 0.05). Maximum detrusor filling pressure improved from 36.03 ± 20.54 to 32.90 ± 16.47 cm H2O (p > 0.05). Maximum detrusor voiding pressure improved from 64.65 ± 33.19 to 58.13 ± 20.7 cm H2O (0 > 0.05). In patients with injury above D6 spinal cord level, statistically significant improvement was seen in maximum bladder capacity and bladder compliance after 2 hours of single oral dose of tadalafil (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our study suggests a positive role of PDE inhibitors in improving urodynamic parameters in patients with suprasacral spinal cord injury with improvement in parameters such as bladder capacity, detrusor pressures, and bladder compliance. Because this is a small study group, more studies such as this are required to reach to final conclusion.

scholarly journals Effects of whole-grain wheat, rye, and lignan supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in men with metabolic syndrome: a randomized crossover trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 864-876
Author(s):  
Anne K Eriksen ◽  
Carl Brunius ◽  
Mohsen Mazidi ◽  
Per M Hellström ◽  
Ulf Risérus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

ABSTRACT Background A whole-grain (WG)–rich diet has shown to have potential for both prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is a cluster of risk factors that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Different WGs may have different health effects. WG rye, in particular, may improve glucose homeostasis and blood lipids, possibly mediated through fermentable dietary fiber and lignans. Recent studies have also suggested a crucial role of the gut microbiota in response to WG. Objectives The aim was to investigate WG rye, alone and with lignan supplements [secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG)], and WG wheat diets on glucose tolerance [oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT)], other cardiometabolic outcomes, enterolignans, and microbiota composition. Moreover, we exploratively evaluated the role of gut microbiota enterotypes in response to intervention diets. Methods Forty men with MetS risk profile were randomly assigned to WG diets in an 8-wk crossover study. The rye diet was supplemented with 280 mg SDG at weeks 4–8. Effects of treatment were evaluated by mixed-effects modeling, and effects on microbiota composition and the role of gut microbiota as a predictor of response to treatment were analyzed by random forest plots. Results The WG rye diet (± SDG supplements) did not affect the OGTT compared with WG wheat. Total and LDL cholesterol were lowered (−0.06 and −0.09 mmol/L, respectively; P &lt; 0.05) after WG rye compared with WG wheat after 4 wk but not after 8 wk. WG rye resulted in higher abundance of Bifidobacterium [fold-change (FC) = 2.58, P &lt; 0.001] compared with baseline and lower abundance of Clostridium genus compared with WG wheat (FC = 0.54, P = 0.02). The explorative analyses suggest that baseline enterotype is associated with total and LDL-cholesterol response to diet. Conclusions WG rye, alone or with SDG supplementation, compared with WG wheat did not affect glucose metabolism but caused transient LDL-cholesterol reduction. The effect of WG diets appeared to differ according to enterotype. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02987595.

The Incorporation of [4-14C] δ-Aminolaevulic Acid into Urinary Porphyrins in Symptomatic Porphyria

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Goldswain ◽  
E. Dowdle ◽  
Norma Spong ◽  
L. Eales
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Control Subject ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Urinary Porphyrins

1. The specific activities of urinary uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin were measured as functions of time following the administration of a single oral dose of [4-14C] δ-aminolaevulic acid (ALA) to six patients with symptomatic porphyria and one control subject. 2. The peak specific activity of coproporphyrin preceded that of uroporphyrin in all subjects studied and exceeded that of uroporphyrin in the patients with symptomatic porphyria. 3. These results are interpreted as indicating the existence of two distinct metabolic pathways in the liver for the disposal of ALA, rather than as contradicting the generally accepted role of uroporphyrinogen as a precursor of coproporphyrinogen.

scholarly journals Expanding the role of bitter taste receptor in extra oral tissues: TAS2R38 is expressed in human adipocytes

Adipocyte ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaella Cancello ◽  
Giancarlo Micheletto ◽  
Dorela Meta ◽  
Rosalia Lavagno ◽  
Emanuele Bevilacqua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Human Adipocytes ◽  
Bitter Taste Receptor
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