scholarly journals Macrophage Autophagy in Atherosclerosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Chiara Maiuri ◽  
Gianluca Grassia ◽  
Andrew M. Platt ◽  
Rosa Carnuccio ◽  
Armando Ialenti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Catabolic Process ◽  
Early Atherosclerosis ◽  
Therapeutic Utility

Macrophages play crucial roles in atherosclerotic immune responses. Recent investigation into macrophage autophagy (AP) in atherosclerosis has demonstrated a novel pathway through which these cells contribute to vascular inflammation. AP is a cellular catabolic process involving the delivery of cytoplasmic contents to the lysosomal machinery for ultimate degradation and recycling. Basal levels of macrophage AP play an essential role in atheroprotection during early atherosclerosis. However, AP becomes dysfunctional in the more advanced stages of the pathology and its deficiency promotes vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and plaque necrosis. In this paper, we will discuss the role of macrophages and AP in atherosclerosis and the emerging evidence demonstrating the contribution of macrophage AP to vascular pathology. Finally, we will discuss how AP could be targeted for therapeutic utility.

scholarly journals Role of Cox-2 in Vascular Inflammation: An Experimental Model of Metabolic Syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás F. Renna ◽  
Emiliano R. Diez ◽  
Carina Lembo ◽  
Roberto M. Miatello
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Wky Rats ◽  
Cox 2

The objective of this work was to demonstrate the role of COX-2 enzyme at the vascular in experimental model of metabolic syndrome. SHR male WKY rats were employed; they were distributed in 8 groups (n=8each): control (W); W + L: WKY rats receiving 20 mg/kg of lumiracoxib by intraesophageal administration; SHR; SHR + L: SHR + 20 mg/kg of lumiracoxib by intraesophageal administration; Fructose-Fed Rats (FFR): WKY rats receiving 10% (w/v) fructose solution in drinking water during all 12 weeks; FFR + L: FFR + 20 mg/kg of lumiracoxib by intraesophageal administration; Fructose-Fed Hypertensive Rats (FFHR): SHR receiving 10% (w/v) fructose solution in drinking water during all 12 weeks; and FFHR + L: FFHR + 20 mg/kg of lumiracoxib by intraesophageal administration. Metabolic variables, blood pressure, morphometric variables, and oxidative stress variables were evaluated; also MMP-2 and MMP-9 (collagenases), VCAM-1, and NF-κB by Westernblot or IFI were evaluated. FFHR presented all variables of metabolic syndrome; there was also an increase in oxidative stress variables; vascular remodeling and left ventricular hypertrophy were evidenced along with a significant increase in the expression of the mentioned proinflammatory molecules and increased activity and expression of collagenase. Lumiracoxib was able to reverse vascular remodeling changes and inflammation, demonstrating the involvement of COX-2 in the pathophysiology of vascular remodeling in this experimental model.

scholarly journals Roles of Autophagy in Oxidative Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeong Rok Yun ◽  
Yong Hwa Jo ◽  
Jieun Kim ◽  
Yoonhwa Shin ◽  
Sung Soo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Redox Signalling ◽  
Mitochondrial Ros ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
And Function ◽  
Catabolic Process

Autophagy is a catabolic process for unnecessary or dysfunctional cytoplasmic contents by lysosomal degradation pathways. Autophagy is implicated in various biological processes such as programmed cell death, stress responses, elimination of damaged organelles and development. The role of autophagy as a crucial mediator has been clarified and expanded in the pathological response to redox signalling. Autophagy is a major sensor of the redox signalling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that are generated as by-products of cellular metabolism, principally by mitochondria. Mitochondrial ROS (mROS) are beneficial or detrimental to cells depending on their concentration and location. mROS function as redox messengers in intracellular signalling at physiologically low level, whereas excessive production of mROS causes oxidative damage to cellular constituents and thus incurs cell death. Hence, the balance of autophagy-related stress adaptation and cell death is important to comprehend redox signalling-related pathogenesis. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview the basic mechanism and function of autophagy in the context of response to oxidative stress and redox signalling in pathology.

scholarly journals The Essential Role of anxA2 in Langerhans Cell Birbeck Granules Formation

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shantae M. Thornton ◽  
Varsha D. Samararatne ◽  
Joseph G. Skeate ◽  
Christopher Buser ◽  
Kim P. Lühen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Birbeck Granules ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Langerhans cells (LC) are the resident antigen presenting cells of the mucosal epithelium and play an essential role in initiating immune responses. LC are the only cells in the body to contain Birbeck granules (BG), which are unique cytoplasmic organelles comprised of c-type lectin langerin. Studies of BG have historically focused on morphological characterizations, but BG have also been implicated in viral antigen processing which suggests that they can serve a function in antiviral immunity. This study focused on investigating proteins that could be involved in BG formation to further characterize their structure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Here, we report a critical role for the protein annexin A2 (anxA2) in the proper formation of BG structures. When anxA2 expression is downregulated, langerin expression decreases, cytoplasmic BG are nearly ablated, and the presence of malformed BG-like structures increases. Furthermore, in the absence of anxA2, we found langerin was no longer localized to BG or BG-like structures. Taken together, these results indicate an essential role for anxA2 in facilitating the proper formation of BG.

Essential Role of Indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase 1 ( IDO1 ) in Metabolic Programming of Innate Immune Responses in Aged Lung during Influenza

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Heather W. Stout-Delgado ◽  
Rebecca Harris ◽  
Jianjun Yang ◽  
Kyung Sook Hong ◽  
Soo Jung Cho
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Metabolic Programming ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Indoleamine 2

scholarly journals Seaweeds as Preventive Agents for Cardiovascular Diseases: From Nutrients to Functional Foods

Marine Drugs ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6838-6865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Cardoso ◽  
Olívia Pereira ◽  
Ana Seca ◽  
Diana Pinto ◽  
Artur Silva
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Cardiovascular Health Promotion

Being naturally enriched in key nutrients and in various health-promoting compounds, seaweeds represent promising candidates for the design of functional foods. Soluble dietary fibers, peptides, phlorotannins, lipids and minerals are macroalgae’s major compounds that can hold potential in high-value food products derived from macroalgae, including those directed to the cardiovascular-health promotion. This manuscript revises available reported data focusing the role of diet supplementation of macroalgae, or extracts enriched in bioactive compounds from macroalgae origin, in targeting modifiable markers of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), like dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, vascular inflammation, hypertension, hypercoagulability and activation of the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems, among others. At last, the review also describes several products that have been formulated with the use of whole macroalgae or extracts, along with their claimed cardiovascular-associated benefits.

scholarly journals SIRT3 Is a Stress-Responsive Deacetylase in Cardiomyocytes That Protects Cells from Stress-Mediated Cell Death by Deacetylation of Ku70

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (20) ◽  
pp. 6384-6401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagalingam R. Sundaresan ◽  
Sadhana A. Samant ◽  
Vinodkumar B. Pillai ◽  
Senthilkumar B. Rajamohan ◽  
Mahesh P. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Proapoptotic Protein ◽  
Long Form ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

ABSTRACT There are seven SIRT isoforms in mammals, with diverse biological functions including gene regulation, metabolism, and apoptosis. Among them, SIRT3 is the only sirtuin whose increased expression has been shown to correlate with an extended life span in humans. In this study, we examined the role of SIRT3 in murine cardiomyocytes. We found that SIRT3 is a stress-responsive deacetylase and that its increased expression protects myocytes from genotoxic and oxidative stress-mediated cell death. We show that, like human SIRT3, mouse SIRT3 is expressed in two forms, a ∼44-kDa long form and a ∼28-kDa short form. Whereas the long form is localized in the mitochondria, nucleus, and cytoplasm, the short form is localized exclusively in the mitochondria of cardiomyocytes. During stress, SIRT3 levels are increased not only in mitochondria but also in the nuclei of cardiomyocytes. We also identified Ku70 as a new target of SIRT3. SIRT3 physically binds to Ku70 and deacetylates it, and this promotes interaction of Ku70 with the proapoptotic protein Bax. Thus, under stress conditions, increased expression of SIRT3 protects cardiomyocytes, in part by hindering the translocation of Bax to mitochondria. These studies underscore an essential role of SIRT3 in the survival of cardiomyocytes in stress situations.

scholarly journals The Essential Role of Pin1 via NF-κB Signaling in Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− Mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Liu ◽  
Peng Yu ◽  
Hong Jiang ◽  
Xue Yang ◽  
Ji Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Vascular Inflammation

scholarly journals 30 YEARS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR: The role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the vasculature

2017 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. T67-T82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J DuPont ◽  
Iris Z Jaffe
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Mineralocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
The Impact

Since the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was cloned 30 years ago, it has become clear that MR is expressed in extra-renal tissues, including the cardiovascular system, where it is expressed in all cells of the vasculature. Understanding the role of MR in the vasculature has been of particular interest as clinical trials show that MR antagonism improves cardiovascular outcomes out of proportion to changes in blood pressure. The last 30 years of research have demonstrated that MR is a functional hormone-activated transcription factor in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the role of vascular MR in regulating blood pressure and vascular function, and its contribution to vascular disease. Specifically, vascular MR contributes directly to blood pressure control and to vascular dysfunction and remodeling in response to hypertension, obesity and vascular injury. The literature is summarized with respect to the role of vascular MR in conditions including: pulmonary hypertension; cerebral vascular remodeling and stroke; vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction; acute kidney injury; and vascular pathology in the eye. Considerations regarding the impact of age and sex on the function of vascular MR are also described. Further investigation of the precise molecular mechanisms by which MR contributes to these processes will aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related morbidity and mortality.

Essential role of toll-like receptor 4 in Acinetobacter baumannii-induced immune responses in immune cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Hwan Kim ◽  
Yu-Jin Jeong ◽  
Junglim Lee ◽  
Soo-Jin Jeon ◽  
Se-Ra Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 4

scholarly journals Essential Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Angiotensin II–Induced Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling

Hypertension ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingwei Zhao ◽  
Minako Ishibashi ◽  
Ken-ichi Hiasa ◽  
Chunyan Tan ◽  
Akira Takeshita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document