scholarly journals Chitin, Chitosan, and Glycated Chitosan Regulate Immune Responses: The Novel Adjuvants for Cancer Vaccine

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaosong Li ◽  
Min Min ◽  
Nan Du ◽  
Ying Gu ◽  
Tomas Hode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Vaccine ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Chitin And Chitosan

With the development of cancer immunotherapy, cancer vaccine has become a novel modality for cancer treatment, and the important role of adjuvant has been realized recently. Chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives have shown their advantages as adjuvants for cancer vaccine. In this paper, the adjuvant properties of chitin and chitosan were discussed, and some detailed information about glycated chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles was also presented to illustrate the trend for future development.

scholarly journals Regulation of Adaptive Tumor Immunity by Non-Coding RNAs

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5651
Author(s):  
Eleftheria Papaioannou ◽  
María del Pilar González-Molina ◽  
Ana M. Prieto-Muñoz ◽  
Laura Gámez-Reche ◽  
Alicia González-Martín
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Immunity ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
And Function

Cancer immunology research has mainly focused on the role of protein-coding genes in regulating immune responses to tumors. However, despite more than 70% of the human genome is transcribed, less than 2% encodes proteins. Many non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been identified as critical regulators of immune cell development and function, suggesting that they might play important roles in orchestrating immune responses against tumors. In this review, we summarize the scientific advances on the role of ncRNAs in regulating adaptive tumor immunity, and discuss their potential therapeutic value in the context of cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals A Forgotten Corner in Cancer Immunotherapy: The Role of Lipids

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yu ◽  
Lei Gao ◽  
Yunpeng Wang ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
Ewetse Paul Maswikiti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Great Success ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cancer Immunity ◽  
Molecular Forces

In the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has achieved great success owing to the unravelling of unknown molecular forces in cancer immunity. However, it is critical that we address the limitations of current immunotherapy, including immune-related adverse events and drug resistance, and further enhance current immunotherapy. Lipids are reported to play important roles in modulating immune responses in cancer. Cancer cells use lipids to support their aggressive behaviour and allow immune evasion. Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells destroys the equilibrium between lipid anabolism and catabolism, resulting in lipid accumulation within the tumour microenvironment (TME). Consequently, ubiquitous lipids, mainly fatty acids, within the TME can impact the function and phenotype of infiltrating immune cells. Determining the complex roles of lipids and their interactions with the TME will provide new insight for improving anti-tumour immune responses by targeting lipids. Herein, we present a review of recent literature that has demonstrated how lipid metabolism reprogramming occurs in cancer cells and influences cancer immunity. We also summarise the potential for lipid-based clinical translation to modify immune treatment.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs: immune modulators in cancer immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Xing ◽  
Zhiqiang Wang ◽  
Zhou Lu ◽  
Jie Xia ◽  
Zhangjuan Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Tumor Immunity ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Tumor Suppressors ◽  
Immune Modulators ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
New Findings

Abstract MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of endogenous small non-coding RNA of 18–25 nucleotides and plays regulatory roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Emerging evidence support that miRNAs function as immune modulators in tumors. MiRNAs as tumor suppressors or oncogenes are also found to be able to modulate anti-tumor immunity or link the crosstalk between tumor cells and immune cells surrounding. Based on the specific regulating function, miRNAs can be used as predictive, prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in immunotherapy. Here, we review new findings about role of miRNAs in modulating immune responses, as well as discuss mechanisms underlying their dysregulation, and their clinical potentials as indicators of tumor prognosis or to sensitize cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals TIM-3 as a Prognostic Marker and a Potential Immunotherapy Target in Human Malignant Tumors: A Meta-Analysis and Bioinformatics Validation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kui Zang ◽  
Liangliang Hui ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Ying Huang ◽  
Xingxing Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis

BackgroundAs a novel immune checkpoint molecular, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (TIM-3) is emerging as a therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. However, the predictive role of TIM-3 in cancer remains largely undetermined. This study was designed to investigate the role of TIM-3 in cancer.MethodsPublications were searched using multiple databases. The hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. To further confirm the prognostic effect of TIM-3, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data were applied. Functional analysis of TIM-3 was also investigated.Results28 studies with 7284 patients with malignant tumors were identified. Based on multivariate Cox regression analysis, TIM-3 was an independent prognostic indicator for poor overall survival (OS) (HR= 1.54, 95% CI = 1.19-1.98, P = 0.001). However, TIM-3 was not correlated with cancer-specific survival and disease-free survival (DFS). Particularly, TIM-3 showed a worse prognosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma and gastric cancer; but it showed a favorable prognosis in breast cancer. Functional analysis showed that TIM-3 was closely correlated with immune responses such as T-cell activation and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, TIM-3 expression was found to be related to worse OS in 9491 TCGA patients (HR = 1.2, P < 0.001), but was not associated with DFS.ConclusionsTIM-3 was an independent prognostic factor. Meanwhile, TIM-3 played a crucial role in tumor immune responses. This supports TIM-3 as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy.

The intersection between viral oncolysis, drug resistance, and autophagy

2015 ◽  
Vol 396 (12) ◽  
pp. 1269-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Beljanski ◽  
Cindy Chiang ◽  
John Hiscott
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Oncolytic Viruses ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
Viral Lysis ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Survival Mechanisms

Abstract Resistance to both cytotoxic and targeted therapies is a major problem facing cancer treatment. The mechanisms of resistance to unrelated drugs share many common features, including up-regulation of detoxifying pathways, activation of pro-survival mechanisms, and ineffective induction of cell death. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are promising biotherapeutics for cancer treatment that specifically replicate in and lyse cancer cells. In addition to direct viral lysis, the anti-tumor effects of OVs are mediated via innate and adaptive immune responses, and several adaptation mechanisms such as autophagy appear to contribute to their anti-tumor properties. Autophagy is a versatile pathway that plays a key role in cancer survival during stressful conditions such as starvation or cytotoxic drug challenges. Autophagy also plays a role in mediating innate and adaptive immune responses by contributing to antigen presentation and cytokine secretion. This role of autophagy in regulation of immune responses can be utilized to design therapeutic combinations using approaches that either stimulate or block autophagy to potentiate therapeutic efficacy of OVs. Additional studies are needed to determine optimal multimodal combination approaches that will facilitate future successful clinical implementation of OV-based therapies.

Recent Advances in Peptide-Based Approaches for Cancer Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1174-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C. Conibear ◽  
Alanca Schmid ◽  
Meder Kamalov ◽  
Christian F.W. Becker ◽  
Claudia Bello
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Oncology Research ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Synthetic Accessibility ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Modified Peptides

Background: Peptide-based pharmaceuticals have recently experienced a renaissance due to their ability to fill the gap between the two main classes of available drugs, small molecules and biologics. Peptides combine the high potency and selectivity typical of large proteins with some of the characteristic advantages of small molecules such as synthetic accessibility, stability and the potential of oral bioavailability. Methods: In the present manuscript we review the recent literature on selected peptide-based approaches for cancer treatment, emphasizing recent advances, advantages and challenges of each strategy. Results: One of the applications in which peptide-based approaches have grown rapidly is cancer therapy, with a focus on new and established targets. We describe, with selected examples, some of the novel peptide-based methods for cancer treatment that have been developed in the last few years, ranging from naturally-occurring and modified peptides to peptidedrug conjugates, peptide nanomaterials and peptide-based vaccines. Conclusion: This review brings out the emerging role of peptide-based strategies in oncology research, critically analyzing the advantages and limitations of these approaches and the potential for their development as effective anti-cancer therapies.

scholarly journals Tackling Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy: What Do We Know?

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 4096
Author(s):  
Soehartati A. Gondhowiardjo ◽  
Handoko ◽  
Vito Filbert Jayalie ◽  
Riyan Apriantoni ◽  
Andreas Ronald Barata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Conventional Surgery ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Conventional Cancer Treatment ◽  
Combinatorial Treatment

Cancer treatment has evolved tremendously in the last few decades. Immunotherapy has been considered to be the forth pillar in cancer treatment in addition to conventional surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Though immunotherapy has resulted in impressive response, it is generally limited to a small subset of patients. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance toward cancer immunotherapy may shed new light to counter that resistance. In this review, we highlighted and summarized two major hurdles (recognition and attack) of cancer elimination by the immune system. The mechanisms of failure of some available immunotherapy strategies were also described. Moreover, the significance role of immune compartment for various established cancer treatments were also elucidated in this review. Then, the mechanisms of combinatorial treatment of various conventional cancer treatment with immunotherapy were discussed. Finally, a strategy to improve immune cancer killing by characterizing cancer immune landscape, then devising treatment based on that cancer immune landscape was put forward.

scholarly journals Cancer immunotherapy and immune-related response assessment: The role of radiologists in the new arena of cancer treatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1259-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mizuki Nishino ◽  
Sree H. Tirumani ◽  
Nikhil H. Ramaiya ◽  
F. Stephen Hodi
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Response Assessment ◽  
Related Response

Co-delivery of anionic epitope/CpG vaccine and IDO inhibitor by self-assembled cationic liposome for combination melanoma immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Su ◽  
Changrong Wang ◽  
Huijuan Song ◽  
Chuangnian Zhang ◽  
Jinjian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cationic Liposome ◽  
Antigenic Peptides ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Self Assembled

Immunotherapy is revolutionizing cancer treatment. Vaccination of antigenic peptides has been identified as a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy while insufficient immune responses were stimulated due to low antigenicity. Moreover,...

scholarly journals Insinuating cocktailed components in biocompatible-nanoparticles could act as an impressive neo-adjuvant strategy to combat COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haripriya Kuchi Bhotla ◽  
Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian ◽  
Vijaya Anand Arumugam ◽  
Karthika Pushparaj ◽  
Murugesh Easwaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticle ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Saving Measure

The novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread rapidly worldwide, freezes all sectors, and was declared a life-threatening disease by the World Health Organization on Jan 30, 2020. So far, no specific drugs are identified or approved for treating SARS-CoV-2. In the past few years, nanomaterials are in the limelight for their ability to deliver the drugs effectively and selectively to target like siRNA, the prime infection sites, and benefiting us to visualize the particular regions, treatment reactions via non-intruding imaging techniques. As intranasal delivery interacts directly to the infection site with minimal side effects on the healthy cell, we postulate to administer a mixture of few polyherbal formulations like the golden spice curcumin, sitopaladi churna (SPC), and kaempferol in zein-chitosan nanoparticles as a life-saving measure for treating Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases. This viewpoint will shed light on the antiviral role of curcumin, SPC, and kaempferol zein-chitosan nanoparticle to modulate immune responses and observe its curative approach to the current pandemic COVID.

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