scholarly journals Improved Reception of In-Body Signals by Means of a Wearable Multi-Antenna System

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thijs Castel ◽  
Patrick Van Torre ◽  
Emmeric Tanghe ◽  
Sam Agneessens ◽  
Günter Vermeeren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Transmission ◽  
Antenna System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Signal Attenuation ◽  
High Data ◽  
Wearable Antennas ◽  
Receive Diversity ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Standardized Measurement ◽  
Implant Communication

High data-rate wireless communication for in-body human implants is mainly performed in the 402–405 MHz Medical Implant Communication System band and the 2.45 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical band. The latter band offers larger bandwidth, enabling high-resolution live video transmission. Although in-body signal attenuation is larger, at least 29 dB more power may be transmitted in this band and the antenna efficiency for compact antennas at 2.45 GHz is also up to 10 times higher. Moreover, at the receive side, one can exploit the large surface provided by a garment by deploying multiple compact highly efficient wearable antennas, capturing the signals transmitted by the implant directly at the body surface, yielding stronger signals and reducing interference. In this paper, we implement a reliable 3.5 Mbps wearable textile multi-antenna system suitable for integration into a jacket worn by a patient, and evaluate its potential to improve the In-to-Out Body wireless link reliability by means of spatial receive diversity in a standardized measurement setup. We derive the optimal distribution and the minimum number of on-body antennas required to ensure signal levels that are large enough for real-time wireless endoscopy-capsule applications, at varying positions and orientations of the implant in the human body.

scholarly journals On the Performance of Self-Concatenated Coding for Wireless Mobile Video Transmission Using DSTS-SP-Assisted Smart Antenna System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Nasru Minallah ◽  
Ishtiaque Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Ijaz ◽  
Atif Sardar Khan ◽  
Laiq Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iterative Decoding ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Video Transmission ◽  
Smart Antenna ◽  
Video Quality ◽  
Sphere Packing ◽  
Antenna System ◽  
Video Codec ◽  
Extrinsic Information ◽  
High Data

In the current age of advanced technologies, there is an escalating demand for reliable wireless systems, catering to the high data rates of mobile multimedia applications. This article presents a novel approach to the concept of Self-Concatenated Convolutional Coding (SECCC) with Sphere Packing (SP) modulation via Differential Space-Time Spreading- (DSTS-) based smart antennas. The two transmitters provide transmit diversity which is capable of recuperating the signal from the effects of fading, even with a single receiving antenna. The proposed DSTS-SP SECCC scheme is probed for the Rayleigh fading channel. The SECCC structure is developed using the Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) code with the aid of an interleaver. Interleaving generates randomness in exchange for extrinsic information between the constituent decoders. Iterative decoding is invoked at the receiving side to enhance the output performance by attaining fruitful convergence. The convergence behaviour of the proposed system is investigated using EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) curves. The performance of the proposed system is ascertained with the H.264 standard video codec. The perceived video quality of DSTS-SP SECCC is found to be significantly better than that of the DSTS-SP RSC. To be more precise, the proposed DSTS-SP SECCC system exhibits an E b / N 0 gain of 8 dB at the PSNR degradation point of 1 dB, relative to the equivalent rate DSTS-SP RSC. Similarly, an E b / N 0 gain of 10 dB exists for the DSTS-SP SECCC system at 1 dB degradation point when compared with the SECCC scheme dispensing with the DSTS-SP approach.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Backscatter Communication Using LoRAWAN Signals for Deep Implanted Devices and Wearable Applications

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6342
Author(s):  
Marc Lazaro ◽  
Antonio Lazaro ◽  
Ramon Villarino
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Communication Service ◽  
High Radiation ◽  
Backscatter Communication ◽  
Rate Transmission ◽  
Adjacent Channels ◽  
Implant Communication ◽  
Data Rate Transmission ◽  
Implanted Devices

This paper presents a method for low data rate transmission for devices implanted in the body using backscattered Long Range (LoRa) signals. The method uses an antenna loaded with a switch that changes between two load impedances at the rate of a modulating oscillator. Consequently, the LoRa signal transmitted by a LoRa node is reflected in the adjacent channels and can be detected with a LoRa gateway tuned to the shifted channels. A prototype developed to operate at Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) and the Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) 433 MHz band is presented. The prototype uses a commercial ceramic antenna with a matched network tuned to the frequency band with high radiation efficiency. The effect of the coating material covering the antenna was studied. Simulated and experimental results using a phantom show that it is feasible to read data from deep implanted devices placed a few meters from the body because of the high sensitivity of commercial LoRa receivers.

scholarly journals Analysis of the three dimensional structure of the kidney glomerulus capillary network

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Terasaki ◽  
Jason Cory Brunson ◽  
Justin Sardi
Keyword(s):  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Capillary Network ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Pixel Resolution ◽  
Longitudinal Splitting ◽  
Kidney Glomerulus ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Glomerular Size

AbstractThe capillary network of the kidney glomerulus filters small molecules from the blood. The glomerular 3D structure should help to understand its function, but it is poorly characterized. We therefore devised a new approach in which an automated tape collecting microtome (ATUM) was used to collect 0.5 μm thick serial sections from fixed mouse kidneys. The sections were imaged by scanning electron microscopy at ~ 50 nm/pixel resolution. With this approach, 12 glomeruli were reconstructed at an x–y–z resolution ~ 10 × higher than that of paraffin sections. We found a previously undescribed no-cross zone between afferent and efferent branches on the vascular pole side; connections here would allow blood to exit without being adequately filtered. The capillary diameters throughout the glomerulus appeared to correspond with the amount of blood flow within them. The shortest path (minimum number of branches to travel from afferent to efferent arterioles) is relatively independent of glomerular size and is present primarily on the vascular pole size. This suggests that new branches and longer paths form on the urinary pole side. Network analysis indicates that the glomerular network does not form by repetitive longitudinal splitting of capillaries. Thus the 3D structure of the glomerular capillary network provides useful information with which to understand glomerular function. Other tissue structures in the body may benefit from this new three dimensional approach.

Comparison of Implantable Antennas for Cardiovascular Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 781 ◽  
pp. 595-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pichitpong Soontornpipit
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
The Body ◽  
Communication Services ◽  
Cardiovascular Patients ◽  
Implantable Antennas ◽  
Mics Band ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Folded Dipole ◽  
Implant Communication

Implantable device cardiac observation (ICDO) such as pacemaker requires communication with medical devices outside the body in order to monitor or control the parameters of the organ it is supporting. Three types of implantable antennas have been investigated to determine their performances on two patient conditions: normal and hyperglycemia. Folded dipole, serpentine microstrip, and waffle-type Planar Inverted-F (PIFA) antennas are operated in the 402-405 MHz, which is medical implant communication services (MICS) band. Detailed analysis of the design issues of the antennas and comparative results of simulations and measurements are presented.

scholarly journals Reduced-Complexity Radio Architectures for Enhanced Receive Selection Combining in Multiuser Diversity Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elpiniki P. Tsakalaki ◽  
Osama N. Alrabadi ◽  
Constantinos B. Papadias ◽  
Ramjee Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Selection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
Antenna System ◽  
Multiuser Diversity ◽  
Selection Combining ◽  
User Terminal ◽  
Receive Diversity ◽  
Diversity Systems ◽  
System Properties

Although antenna selection is a simple and efficient technique for enhancing the downlink performance of multiuser diversity systems, the large antenna interelement spacing required for achieving spatial diversity is prohibitive for user terminals due to size restrictions. In order to allay this problem, we propose miniaturized switched beam receiver designs assisted by low-cost passive reflectors. Unlike conventional spatial receive diversity systems, the proposed angular diversity architectures occupy a small volume whereas the antenna system properties are optimized by controlling the strong reactive fields present at small dimensions. The systems are designed for maximum antenna efficiency and low interbeam correlation, thus yieldingNpractically uncorrelated receive diversity branches. The simulation results show that the proposed enhanced diversity combining systems improve the average throughput of a multiuser network outperforming classical antenna selection especially for small user populations and compact user terminal size.

An Integrated GPS/INS Navigation System for Land Vehicle

2013 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossam Hendy ◽  
Xiao Ting Rui ◽  
Mostafa Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Navigation System ◽  
Attitude Determination ◽  
The Body ◽  
Simulation Data ◽  
Land Vehicle ◽  
High Data ◽  
Mission Success ◽  
Initial Attitude ◽  
Filter Approach

A precise guided system needs an efficient control depending on a precise navigation algorithm, with the ability of getting an accurate initial attitude determination to guarantee the mission success. A navigation system is presented in this paper based on integration between inertial measuring unit and Global Positioning System via Kalman filter approach to satisfy an acceptant accuracy. The two well known Euler and Quaternion attitude determination techniques are implemented to evaluate the body orientation during motion. The carried out system is validated using both simulation data and experimental work. The simulation data is obtained using a six-degree-of-freedom model for a 122mm artillery rocket to obtain all ballistic trajectory parameters during flight. The experimental work is done using a land vehicle taking into consideration the initial attitude determination problem. The results showed high accuracy improvements with high data rates 200 Hz for full state navigation information (position, velocity and attitude).

scholarly journals Video Smoothing of Aggregates of Streams with Bandwidth Constraints

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Pietro Camarda ◽  
Cataldo Guaragnella ◽  
Domenico Striccoli
Keyword(s):  
Video Transmission ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Multiple Time Scales ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Smoothing Algorithm ◽  
Compressed Video ◽  
Available Bandwidth ◽  
Video Broadcasting ◽  
High Data ◽  
Video Frames

Compressed variable bit rate (VBR) video transmission is acquiring a growing importance in the telecommunication world. High data rate variability of compressed video over multiple time scales makes an efficient bandwidth resource utilization difficult to obtain. One of the approaches developed to face this problem are smoothing techniques. Various smoothing algorithms that exploit client buffers have been proposed, thus reducing the peak rate and highrate variability by efficiently scheduling the video data to be transmitted over the network. The novel smoothing algorithm proposed in this paper, which represents a significant improvements over the existing methods,performs data scheduling both for a single stream and for stream aggregations, by taking into account available bandwidth constraints. It modifies, whenever possible, the smoothing schedule in such a way as to eliminate frame losses due to available bandwidth limitations. This technique can be applied to any smoothing algorithm already present in literature and can be usefully exploited to minimize losses in multiplexed stream scenarios, like Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-T), where a specific known available bandwidth must be shared byseveral multimedia flows. The developed algorithm has been exploited for smoothing stored video, although it can also be quite easily adapted for real time smoothing. The obtained numerical results, compared with the MVBA, another smoothing algorithm that is already presented and discussed in literature, show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, in terms of lost video frames, for different multiplexed scenarios.

scholarly journals A Road towards 6G Communication—A Review of 5G Antennas, Arrays, and Wearable Devices

Electronics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikram ◽  
Kamel Sultan ◽  
Muhammad Faisal Lateef ◽  
Abdulrahman S. M. Alqadami
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
High Data ◽  
Wearable Antennas ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Communication Devices ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Smart Traffic

Next-generation communication systems and wearable technologies aim to achieve high data rates, low energy consumption, and massive connections because of the extensive increase in the number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) and wearable devices. These devices will be employed for many services such as cellular, environment monitoring, telemedicine, biomedical, and smart traffic, etc. Therefore, it is challenging for the current communication devices to accommodate such a high number of services. This article summarizes the motivation and potential of the 6G communication system and discusses its key features. Afterward, the current state-of-the-art of 5G antenna technology, which includes existing 5G antennas and arrays and 5G wearable antennas, are summarized. The article also described the useful methods and techniques of exiting antenna design works that could mitigate the challenges and concerns of the emerging 5G and 6G applications. The key features and requirements of the wearable antennas for next-generation technology are also presented at the end of the paper.

scholarly journals Analysis on the Effects of the Human Body on the Performance of Electro-Textile Antennas for Wearable Monitoring and Tracking Application

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Huda Abd Rahman ◽  
Yoshihide Yamada ◽  
Muhammad Shakir Amin Nordin
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Dielectric Material ◽  
Near Field ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antenna Structure ◽  
Dielectric Characteristics ◽  
Wearable Antennas ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Substantial Drop

Previous works have shown that wearable antennas can operate ideally in free space; however, degradation in performance, specifically in terms of frequency shifts and efficiency was observed when an antenna structure was in close proximity to the human body. These issues have been highlighted many times yet, systematic and numerical analysis on how the dielectric characteristics may affect the technical behavior of the antenna has not been discussed in detail. In this paper, a wearable antenna, developed from a new electro-textile material has been designed, and the step-by-step manufacturing process is presented. Through analysis of the frequency detuning effect, the on-body behavior of the antenna is evaluated by focusing on quantifying the changes of its input impedance and near-field distribution caused by the presence of lossy dielectric material. When the antenna is attached to the top of the body fat phantom, there is an increase of 17% in impedance, followed by 19% for the muscle phantom and 20% for the blood phantom. These phenomena correlate with the electric field intensities (V/m) observed closely at the antenna through various layers of mediums (z-axis) and along antenna edges (y-axis), which have shown significant increments of 29.7% in fat, 35.3% in muscle and 36.1% in blood as compared to free space. This scenario has consequently shown that a significant amount of energy is absorbed in the phantoms instead of radiated to the air which has caused a substantial drop in efficiency and gain. Performance verification is also demonstrated by using a fabricated human muscle phantom, with a dielectric constant of 48, loss tangent of 0.29 and conductivity of 1.22 S/m.

Design and Analysis of Wearable Antennas

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Mahesh Kumar Aghwariya ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Ragini Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antenna Design ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Wearable Antenna ◽  
Wearable Antennas ◽  
Flexible Material

This chapter presents the various designing methods and challenges associated with wearable antennas, selecting the designing material, various fabrication techniques, and implementation methods on the fabric. Wearable antennas have gained popularity in recent years due to their unmatched properties and unique features. The wearable antenna is capable of providing effective wireless communication, tracking, and sensing. These types of antenna need to be conformal when used on numerous parts of the human body, and they need to be lightweight, flexible, and must be implemented easily on the flexible material. These antennas must be capable of operating with maximum efficiency on the human body. These requirements make the wearable antenna design challenging. They also need to be compact in size, better in coupling with the body, and must be capable of handling issues associated with the device when the target is moving.

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