scholarly journals A Longitudinal Study of Changes in Thyroid Related Hormones among Pregnant Women Residing in an Iodine Deficient Urban Area

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Elahi ◽  
Zaib Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Gestation Time ◽  
Commercial Kits ◽  
One Way Anova

Problem Statement. Thyroid gland in women undergoes functional changes during pregnancy. A few studies have described such changes in pregnant women residing in iodine deficient areas. Objective. To document these changes in pregnant women residing in Lahore, a low iodine intake urban area of Pakistan. Patients and Methods. In 254 pregnant women, data of FT4, FT3, and TSH during the first and subsequent trimesters were obtained and compared with those of 110 nonpregnant women. These hormones were determined in serum by radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques using commercial kits. Results. Compared to nonpregnant women mean FT4 level was decreased, and FT3 and TSH increased significantly () in pregnant women. A negative correlation of FT4 with TSH was observed in all three trimesters. Serum FT3 was positively correlated with TSH only during the third trimester. As a function of gestation time, FT4 levels progressively decreased, and FT3 and TSH levels increased significantly (one-way ANOVA = 108.2, 17.3, and 44.8, resp.; all ) exhibiting thyroid gland adaptations. Conclusion. Pregnancy is associated with significant alterations in thyroid function due to low iodine intake in women residing in study area. The compensated thyroid function poses a risk of thyroid failure in a number of pregnant women.

scholarly journals Iodine and iron status of pregnant women in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1362-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Habimana ◽  
Kabange E Twite ◽  
Pierre Wallemacq ◽  
Philippe De Nayer ◽  
Chantal Daumerie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Postpartum Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Republic Of Congo

AbstractObjectiveAdequate iodine and Fe intakes are imperative during pregnancy to prevent fetal defects, but such data are not available in the Democratic Republic of Congo. We aimed to assess iodine and Fe status in pregnant women from Lubumbashi.DesignCross-sectional study. We measured urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in random urine samples using a modified Sandell–Kolthoff digestion method; the WHO reference medians were used to classify iodine intake as deficient, adequate, more than adequate or excessive. Serum ferritin concentrations were measured by immunoenzymatic assay and considered insufficient when <12 ng/ml.SettingMaternity units from rural, semi-urban and urban areas of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo.SubjectsTwo hundred and twenty-five randomly selected pregnant women attending prenatal consultation, seventy-five postpartum women and seventy-five non-pregnant women as controls.ResultsOverall median UIC in pregnant women was 138 (interquartile range: 105–172) μg/l, indicating iodine deficiency, whereas postpartum and non-pregnant women had adequate iodine intake: median UIC = 144 μg/l and 204 μg/l, respectively. Median UIC values were lower in late pregnancy than in early pregnancy: in the first, second and third trimester respectively 255 μg/l, 70 μg/l and 88 μg/l in the rural area; 306 μg/l, 166 μg/l and 68 μg/l in the semi-urban area; and 203 μg/l, 174 μg/l and 99 μg/l in the urban area. Fe was insufficient in 39 % of pregnant women compared with 21 % of non-pregnant and postpartum women. In the third trimester, deficiencies in both iodine and Fe were high: 40 %, 12 % and 18 % in the rural, semi-urban and urban areas, respectively.ConclusionsOur data suggest that pregnant women are at risk of iodine and Fe deficiencies in Lubumbashi. Country policies fighting against iodine and Fe deficiencies during pregnancy should be reinforced.

Alterations of serum resistin in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia

2004 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danqing CHEN ◽  
Minyue DONG ◽  
Qin FANG ◽  
Jing HE ◽  
Zhengping WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Resistin Level ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
The Third ◽  
Maternal Adaptation ◽  
Serum Resistin Level ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Insight Into

Resistin is expressed in human placenta and has been postulated to play a role in regulating energy metabolism in pregnancy. However, changes in serum resistin levels in normal pregnancy and in the setting of pre-eclampsia are far from understood. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the alterations in serum resistin level in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Blood samples were taken from 28 healthy non-pregnant women, 27 women in the first, 26 in the second and 26 in the third trimesters of normal pregnancy and 25 women with pre-eclampsia. Serum resistin concentrations were determined by using an ELISA, and mean serum resistin levels were compared with one-way ANOVA. Serum resistin levels were not significantly different among non-pregnant women and women in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy (P>0.05 for all). Serum resistin was significantly elevated in the third trimester of normal pregnancy compared with non-pregnant women (P<0.01) and women in the first (P<0.001) and second (P<0.001) trimesters of pregnancy. Serum resistin level was significantly lower in women with pre-eclampsia than women in the third trimester of normal pregnancy (P<0.001), but was comparable with those of non-pregnant women and women in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy (P>0.05 for all). In conclusion, we found an increase in serum resistin in the third trimester of normal pregnancy, but this increase was not present in pre-eclampsia. We postulate that these associations may offer insight into the mechanisms of maternal adaptation to pregnancy and the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.

Gestation specific reference intervals for thyroid function tests in pregnancy

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Süleyman Akarsu ◽  
Filiz Akbiyik ◽  
Eda Karaismailoglu ◽  
Zeliha Gunnur Dikmen
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third ◽  
Function Tests

AbstractThyroid function tests are frequently assessed during pregnancy to evaluate thyroid dysfunction or to monitor pre-existing thyroid disease. However, using non-pregnant reference intervals can lead to misclassification. International guidelines recommended that institutions should calculate their own pregnancy-specific reference intervals for free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The objective of this study is to establish gestation-specific reference intervals (GRIs) for thyroid function tests in pregnant Turkish women and to compare these with the age-matched non-pregnant women.Serum samples were collected from 220 non-pregnant women (age: 18–48), and 2460 pregnant women (age: 18–45) with 945 (39%) in the first trimester, 1120 (45%) in the second trimester, and 395 (16%) in the third trimester. TSH, FT4 and FT3 were measured using the Abbott Architect i2000SR analyzer.GRIs of TSH, FT4 and FT3 for first trimester pregnancies were 0.49–2.33 mIU/L, 10.30–18.11 pmol/L and 3.80–5.81 pmol/L, respectively. GRIs for second trimester pregnancies were 0.51–3.44 mIU/L, 10.30–18.15 pmol/L and 3.69–5.90 pmol/L. GRIs for third trimester pregnancies were 0.58–4.31 mIU/L, 10.30–17.89 pmol/L and 3.67–5.81 pmol/L. GRIs for TSH, FT4 and FT3 were different from non-pregnant normal reference intervals.TSH levels showed an increasing trend from the first trimester to the third trimester, whereas both FT4 and FT3 levels were uniform throughout gestation. GRIs may help in the diagnosis and appropriate management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy which will prevent both maternal and fetal complications.

scholarly journals Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women in a Private Clinical Practice in Northwestern Sydney before Mandatory Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Blumenthal ◽  
Karen Byth ◽  
Creswell J. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional

Aim. The primary objective of the study was to assess the iodine nutritional status, and its effect on thyroid function, of pregnant women in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney.Methods. It was a cross-sectional study undertaken between November 2007 and March 2009. Blood samples were taken from 367 women at their first antenatal visit between 7 and 11 weeks gestation for measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels and spot urine samples for urinary iodine excretion were taken at the same time as blood collection.Results. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for all women was 81 μg/l (interquartile range 41–169 μg/l). 71.9% of the women exhibited a UIC of <150 μg/l. 26% of the women had a UIC <50 μg/l, and 12% had a UIC <20 μg/l. The only detectable influences on UIC were daily milk intake and pregnancy supplements. There was no statistically significant association between UIC and thyroid function and no evidence for an effect of iodine intake on thyroid function.Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of mild to moderate iodine deficiency in women in Western Sydney but no evidence for a significant adverse effect on thyroid function. The 6.5% prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is unlikely to be due to iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Thyroid function in pregnant women with mild iodine deficiency

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Fadeev ◽  
S. V. Lesnikova ◽  
G. A. Melnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Potassium Iodide ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Therapy Group ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Additional Risk

The study whose purpose was to examine the time course of changes in the function of thyroid gland (TG) in pregnant women with mild iodine deficiency enrolled 218 females in different periods of pregnancy in accordance with the following criteria: the absence of dysfunction (of TG). In 128 patients of them, baseline TG pathology was absent; 90 patients were found to have these or those types of euthyroid goiter. Some women received iodine preventive therapy (150-200 mcg of potassium iodide daily) on an individual basis. Comparison of the levels of TTH and T4 in women receiving and no receiving iodine preventive therapy revealed that by the end of pregnancy, those receiving 150-200 pg of potassium iodide had significantly lower TTN levels and higher T4 levels. Comparing the time course of changes in the volume of TG between these groups showed that they did not increase to a significantly greater extent in the females receiving no iodine preventive therapy. Whether potassium iodide was used, there were no changes in the size of TG nodal masses during pregnancy. In the control group, active smokers were fewer than those in the goiter group (p = 0.035). Six-ten months after labor, the volume of TG further increased in the females without iodine preventive therapy group while that substantially decreased in those receiving 150-200 pg of iodine daily. It is concluded that pregnancy in the presence of mild iodine deficiency is accompanied by a higher risk of the development and progression of goiter, and by a risk for gestational hypothyroxinemia, which is prevented by an individual iodine preventive therapy with 150-200 pg of potassium iodide daily. Furthermore, pregnancy is not accompanied by a risk of increases in the size of nodal euthyroid colloid goiter that does not itself entail an additional risk for gestational hypothyroxinemia.

Perchlorate exposure affects thyroid function in third trimester pregnant women from South-West England

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Knight ◽  
Beverley Shields ◽  
Elizabeth Pearce ◽  
Lewis Braverman ◽  
Xuemei He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
South West ◽  
South West England

scholarly journals Iodine Intake is Associated with Thyroid Function in Mild to Moderately Iodine Deficient Pregnant Women

Thyroid ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1359-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Hope Abel ◽  
Tim I.M. Korevaar ◽  
Iris Erlund ◽  
Gro Dehli Villanger ◽  
Ida Henriette Caspersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Intake

scholarly journals Perchlorate and Thiocyanate Exposure and Thyroid Function in First-Trimester Pregnant Women

2010 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 3207-3215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth N. Pearce ◽  
John H. Lazarus ◽  
Peter P. A. Smyth ◽  
Xuemei He ◽  
Daniela Dall'Amico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Sodium Iodide Symporter ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Tsh

Context: Thyroid hormone, requiring adequate maternal iodine intake, is critical for fetal neurodevelopment. Perchlorate decreases thyroidal iodine uptake by competitively inhibiting the sodium/iodide symporter. It is unclear whether environmental perchlorate exposure adversely affects thyroid function in pregnant women. Thiocyanate, derived from foods and cigarette smoke, is a less potent competitive sodium/iodide symporter inhibitor than perchlorate. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether environmental perchlorate and/or thiocyanate exposure is associated with alterations in thyroid function in pregnancy. Design and Setting: We conducted a cross-sectional study at health centers in Cardiff, Wales, and Turin, Italy. Patients: During 2002–2006, 22,000 women at less than 16 wk gestation were enrolled in the Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening Study. Subsets of 261 hypothyroid/hypothyroxinemic and 526 euthyroid women from Turin and 374 hypothyroid/hypothyroxinemic and 480 euthyroid women from Cardiff were selected based on availability of stored urine samples and thyroid function data. Main Outcome Measures: Urinary iodine, thiocyanate, and perchlorate and serum TSH, free T4 (FT4), and thyroperoxidase antibody were measured. Results: Urinary iodine was low: median 98 μg/liter in Cardiff and 52 μg/liter in Turin. Urine perchlorate was detectable in all women. The median (range) urinary perchlorate concentration was 5 μg/liter (0.04–168 μg/liter) in Turin and 2 μg/liter (0.02–368 μg/liter) in Cardiff. There were no associations between urine perchlorate concentrations and serum TSH or FT4 in the individual euthyroid or hypothyroid/hypothyroxinemic cohorts. In multivariable linear analyses, log perchlorate was not a predictor of serum FT4 or TSH. Conclusions: Low-level perchlorate exposure is ubiquitous but did not affect thyroid function in this cohort of iodine-deficient pregnant women.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency among Belgian pregnant women not fully corrected by iodine-containing multivitamins: a national cross-sectional survey

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2276-2284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Vandevijvere ◽  
Sihame Amsalkhir ◽  
Ahmed Bensouda Mourri ◽  
Herman Van Oyen ◽  
Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Low iodine intake during pregnancy may cause thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women and their newborn. In the present study, iodine status among a nation-wide representative sample of Belgian pregnant women in the first and third trimester of pregnancy was determined, and determinants of iodine status were assessed 1 year after the introduction of bread fortified with iodised salt. The women were selected according to a multistage proportionate-to-size sampling design. Urine samples were collected and a general questionnaire was completed face to face with the study nurse. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among pregnant women (n1311) was 124·1 μg/l and 122·6 μg/g creatinine when corrected for urinary creatinine. The median UIC in the first trimester (118·3 μg/l) was significantly lower than that in the third trimester (131·0 μg/l) but significantly higher than among non-pregnant women (84·8 μg/l). Iodine-containing supplement intake was reported by 60·8 % of the women and 57·4 % of the women took this supplement daily. The risk of iodine deficiency was significantly higher in younger women, in women not taking iodine-containing supplements, with low consumption of milk and dairy drinks and during autumn. Women with a higher BMI had a higher risk of iodine deficiency but the risk was lower in women who reported alcohol consumption. The median UIC during pregnancy indicates iodine deficiency in Belgium and some women are at a higher risk of deficiency. The current low iodine intake in women of childbearing age precludes the correction of iodine deficiency in pregnant women supplemented with multivitamins containing 150 μg iodine as recommended.

scholarly journals Correlation between Sonographic Findings of Maternal Thyroid Gland and Thyroid Function Tests during Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maimoona Rasool ◽  
Sarah Maryam ◽  
M. Sohail Anjum Noor ◽  
Mehreen Fatima ◽  
Sultan Ayaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
Maternal Thyroid

Background: Pregnancy has great influence on maternal thyroid gland. It induces significant physiological as well as hormonal changes that alters the maternal thyroid function. Our goal was to determine this pregnancy associated changes in thyroid gland. Objective: To correlate the sonographic findings of maternal thyroid gland with thyroid function tests during pregnancy. Material and methods: 135 pregnant women were recruited in this study, data of TSH, T3 and T4 was obtained and correlated it with the sonographic findings of maternal thyroid gland in each trimester of pregnancy. Results: In the 135 sampled pregnant women, mean thyroid gland volume was 4.08±1.19 cm3. The mean levels of T3, T4 and TSH were v3.37±.44 pmol/L, 14.96±2.49 pmol/L and 1.21±.92 mIU/L respectively. A remarkable correlation between thyroid hormones and thyroid volume was observed. Conclusion: It is concluded that the ultra-sonographic findings is correlated with the thyroid function tests during pregnancy.

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