scholarly journals Identification of Urban Leprosy Clusters

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Armani Paschoal ◽  
Vania Del’Arco Paschoal ◽  
Susilene Maria Tonelli Nardi ◽  
Patrícia Sammarco Rosa ◽  
Manuela Gallo y Sanches Ismael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Clinical Forms ◽  
Physical Spaces ◽  
The City

Overpopulation of urban areas results from constant migrations that cause disordered urban growth, constituting clusters defined as sets of people or activities concentrated in relatively small physical spaces that often involve precarious conditions.Aim. Using residential grouping, the aim was to identify possible clusters of individuals in São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil, who have or have had leprosy.Methods. A population-based, descriptive, ecological study using the MapInfo and CrimeStat techniques, geoprocessing, and space-time analysis evaluated the location of 425 people treated for leprosy between 1998 and 2010. Clusters were defined as concentrations of at least 8 people with leprosy; a distance of up to 300 meters between residences was adopted. Additionally, the year of starting treatment and the clinical forms of the disease were analyzed.Results. Ninety-eight (23.1%) of 425 geocoded cases were located within one of ten clusters identified in this study, and 129 cases (30.3%) were in the region of a second-order cluster, an area considered of high risk for the disease.Conclusion. This study identified ten clusters of leprosy cases in the city and identified an area of high risk for the appearance of new cases of the disease.

Using Land Cover, Population, and Night Light Data for Assessing Local Temperature Differences in Mainz, Germany

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 658-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Lindén ◽  
Jan Esper ◽  
Björn Holmer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Surface Coverage ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The City

AbstractUrban areas are believed to affect temperature readings, thereby biasing the estimation of twentieth-century warming at regional to global scales. The precise effect of changes in the surroundings of meteorological stations, particularly gradual changes due to urban growth, is difficult to determine. In this paper, data from 10 temperature stations within 15 km of the city of Mainz (Germany) over a period of 842 days are examined to assess the connection between temperature and the properties of the station surroundings, considering (i) built/paved area surface coverage, (ii) population, and (iii) night light intensity. These properties were examined in circles with increasing radii from the stations to identify the most influential source areas. Daily maximum temperatures Tmax, as well as daily average temperatures, are shown to be significantly influenced by elevation and were adjusted before the analysis of anthropogenic surroundings, whereas daily minimum temperatures Tmin were not. Significant correlations (p < 0.1) between temperature and all examined properties of station surroundings up to 1000 m are found, but the effects are diminished at larger distance. Other factors, such as slope and topographic position (e.g., hollows), were important, especially to Tmin. Therefore, properties of station surroundings up to 1000 m from the stations are most suitable for the assessment of potential urban influence on Tmax and Tmin in the temperate zone of central Europe.

scholarly journals Space-time cluster analysis of American visceral leishmaniasis in Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1949-1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Aparecida Feijó de Souza ◽  
Luiz Ricardo Paes de Barros Cortez ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Dias ◽  
Marcos Amaku ◽  
José Soares Ferreira Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Space Time ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Positive Tendency ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The City

A space-time analysis of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in humans in the city of Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil was carried out based on 239 cases diagnosed between June 2003 and October 2008. Spatial analysis of the disease showed that cases occurred especially in the city's urban areas. AVL annual incidence rates were calculated, demonstrating that the highest rate occurred in 2006 (19.55/100,000 inhabitants). This finding was confirmed by the time series analysis, which also showed a positive tendency over the period analyzed. The present study allows us to conclude that the disease was clustered in the Southwest side of the city in 2006, suggesting that this area may require special attention with regard to control and prevention measures.

scholarly journals Comparing regional neonatal mortality rates: the influence of registration of births as live born for birth weight <500 g in Taiwan

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e000526
Author(s):  
Liang-Yi Wang ◽  
Yu-Shan Chang ◽  
Fu-Wen Liang ◽  
Yung-Chieh Lin ◽  
Yuh-Jyh Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Taipei City ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

ObjectiveTo investigate regional variation in the registration of births (still+live) as live born for birth weight <500 g and the impact on the city/county ranking of neonatal mortality rate (NMR) in Taiwan.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional ecological study.Setting20 cities/counties in Taiwan.ParticipantsRegistered births for birth weight <500 g and neonatal deaths in 2015–2016.Main outcome measuresCity/county percentage of births <500 g registered as live born and ranking of city/county NMR (deaths per 1000 live births) including and excluding live births <500 g.ResultsThe percentage of births <500 g registered as live born ranged from 0% in Keelung City (0/26) and Penghu County (0/4) to 20% in Taipei City (112/558), 24% in Hsinchu County (5/21) and 28% in Hualien County (9/32). The change in city/county ranking of NMR from including to excluding live births <500 g was most prominent in Taipei City (from the 15th to the 1st) followed by Kaohsiung City (from the 18th to the 14th).ConclusionsThe city/county NMR in Taiwan is influenced by variation in the registration of live born for births with uncertain viability. We recommend presenting city/county NMR using both criteria (with or without minimum threshold of gestation period or birth weight) for better interpretation of the findings of comparisons of city/county NMR.

Survival Disparities in Patients with Lymphoma According to Place of Residence and Treatment Provider: A Population-Based Study

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 874-874
Author(s):  
Fausto R Loberiza ◽  
Anthony J Cannon ◽  
Dennis D Weisenburger ◽  
Julie M. Vose ◽  
Matt J. Moehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Risk Patients

Abstract Objectives: We evaluated the association of the primary area of residence (urban vs. rural) and treatment (trt) provider (university-based vs. community-based) with overall survival in patients with lymphoma, and determined if there are patient subgroups that could benefit from better coordination of care. Methods: We performed a population-based study in 2,330 patients with centrally confirmed lymphoma from Nebraska and surrounding states reported to the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group between 1982 and 2006. Patient residential ZIP codes at the time to trt were used to determine rural/urban designation, household income and distance to trt center; while trt providers were categorized into university-based or community based. Multivariate analyses were used to group patients into risk levels based on 8 factors found to be associated with survival at the time of trt (age, performance score, Ann Arbor stage, presence of B symptoms, LDH levels, tumor bulk, nodal and extranodal involvement). The following categories were identified: low-risk (1–3 factors), intermediate risk (4–5 factors), and high-risk (≥6 factors). Cox proportional regression analyses, stratified by type of lymphoma (low-grade NHL, high-grade NHL and Hodgkin) were used to evaluate the association between place of residence and trt provider with overall survival. Results: Among urban residents, 321 (14%) were treated by university-based providers (UUB) and 816 (35%) were treated by community-based providers (UCB). Among rural residents, 332 (14%) were treated by university-based providers (RUB) and 861 (37%) were treated by community-based providers (RCB). Patients from rural areas were more likely to be older and Caucasian, with a lower median household income, greater travel distance to seek trt, and more likely to have high-risk disease when compared to patients from urban areas. In multivariate analysis, using all patients regardless of risk level, the relative risk of death (RR) among UUB, UCB and RUB was not statistically different. However, RCB had a higher risk of death RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.14–1.65, p=0.01; RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04–1.33, p<0.01; and RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06–1.49, p=0.01 when compared with UUB, UCB and RUB, respectively. This association remained true in both low- and intermediate-risk patients. Among high-risk patients, both RUB and RCB were at higher risk of death when compared with UUB or UCB, while UCB were not different from UUB. We found no differences in progression-free survival according to place of residence and trt provider. The use of stem cell transplantation was significantly higher in patients coming from urban and rural areas treated by university-based providers (UUB 19%, RUB 16%) compared to urban and rural patients treated by community-based providers (UCB 11%, RCB 10%, p < 0.01). Patients from rural areas (RUB and RCB) were slightly less likely to die from lymphoma-related causes than patients from urban areas (75% versus 80%, p=0.04). Conclusion: Overall survival in patients with lymphoma is inferior in patients coming from rural areas. This relationship varies according to treatment provider and pretreatment risk levels. Further studies in patients from rural areas are needed to understand how coordination of care is carried to design appropriate interventions that may improve the disparity noted.

Long-Run Urban Growth with Agglomeration Economies

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1083-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Miyao
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Economy ◽  
Agglomeration Economies ◽  
Urban Growth Model ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Growth Equilibrium ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City

It is widely recognized that agglomeration economies are a crucially important factor in explaining the existence and growth of urban areas, and therefore should be explicitly taken into consideration in long-run urban growth analysis. Once such economies are introduced, however, the urban economy tends to diverge from a steady state equilibrium and may ‘explode’ without limit. A possible way to solve this dilemma is shown. First, a simple urban growth model with production and factor migration functions in the presence of agglomeration economies is set up. It is proved that the urban economy with agglomeration economies tends to approach a kind of balanced growth path in the long run, although the growth rate itself is accelerating without limit. It is also shown that if the total demand for the output of the city is growing at an exogenously given rate, a sustainable steady growth equilibrium exists and is unique and globally stable. Then, land is introduced to show that the availability of the third factor of production will make it more likely to achieve a steady growth equilibrium in the presence of agglomeration economies. Last, the model is generalized to include many factors of production.

scholarly journals MODELLING URBAN GROWTH FROM MEDIUM RESOLUTION LANDSAT IMAGERIES OF AKURE, NIGERIA

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Michael Ajide Oyinloye ◽  
Julius Olubumi Fasakin
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Gis And Remote Sensing ◽  
Medium Resolution ◽  
The City

The city of Akure has experienced rapid growth in the past 2 to 3 decades which has led to the expansion of the core urban areas of the city into adjoining rural lands. The paper analyses the urban growth of Akure using medium resolution Landsat imageries. Landsat (MSS), Landsat Thematic Mapping(TM) and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images for 1972, 1986 and 2002 respectively were used in a post-classification comparison analysis to map the spatial dynamic of land cover changes and identify the urbanization process in Akure. The land cover statistical results revealed a rapid growth in the built-up area of Akure from 997.2 hectares in 1972 to about 3852.70 hectares in 2002 due to increase in population of Akure within this period. Results of the prediction showed that the built-up area of the city has increased in size from 977.2 hectares in 1972 to 5863.66 hectares in 2022 corresponding to 500% at the rate of 13.1% per annum. Implications of growth include loss of open space, pressure on limited infrastructure, overcrowding, traffic congestion and poor standard of living. The study recommends regular monitoring of urban area, development of small towns around the city area to avoid overcrowding, training of planners and administrators to acquire more knowledge in the use of GIS and remote sensing to enhance efficiency.

scholarly journals CONDOMÍNIO RESIDENCIAL FAROL DA ILHA EM SÃO LUÍS (MARANHÃO): estudo sobre o valor de uso e troca do solo

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 165-190
Author(s):  
Saulo Ribeiro dos Santos ◽  
Josenilde Cidreira Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Use Value ◽  
The Real ◽  
Exchange Value ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The City ◽  
Real State

O crescimento urbano de São Luís a partir da década de 90 é impulsionado pela verticalização de novos condomínios que foram surgindo na cidade, principalmente na região próxima a praia. Portanto, compreender a dinâmica do valor de uso e troca do solo, mediante a valorização do m² em algumas áreas de São Luís é fundamental para identificar a geração de novos condomínios clubs como o caso do Farol da Ilha. Mediante tal aspecto, objetiva-se identificar a aplicabilidade do valor de uso e do valor de troca do solo, no condomínio Farol da Ilha, em São Luís (Maranhão, Brasil). A metodologia utilizada caracteriza-se como bibliográfica, documental e empírica. Os resultados apontam para uma supervalorização da metragem do bairro da Ponta d’Areia mediante a instalação do Farol da Ilha. Conclui-se que o mercado imboliário é ágil e contribui para a dinamização do espaço urbano em São Luís. Palavras-chave: Condomínio residencial; Valor de uso e troca do solo; São Luís.   CONDOMINIUM RESIDENTIAL FAROL DA ILHA IN SÃO LUÍS (MARANHÃO): study about use value and soil exchange Abstract Urban growth of São Luís from the 90s is driven by verticalization of new condos that were emerging in the city, especially next to the beach area. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of use value and exchange the ground by emphasizing the m² in some areas of São Luís is critical to identify the generation of new clubs condominiums as the case of the Farol da Ilha. By this point, the objective is to identify the applicability of use value and exchange value of land at the Farol da Ilha condominium in São Luís (Maranhão, Brazil). The methodology is characterized as bibliographical, documentary and empirical. The results point to an overvaluation of the footage of the Ponta d'Areia neighborhood by installing Farol da Ilha. It concludes that the real state market is agile and contributes to the revitalization of urban areas in São Luís. Keywords: Residential condominium; Use value and exchange the ground; São Luís.   CONDOMINIO RESIDENCIAL FAROL DA ILHA EN SÃO LUÍS (MARANHÃO): estudio sobre el valor uso e intercambio de suelos Resumen El crecimiento urbano de São Luís a partir de los años 90 es impulsada por la verticalización de los nuevos condominios que estaban surgiendo en la ciudad, especialmente al lado de la zona de playa. Por lo tanto, la comprensión de la dinámica del valor de uso y el intercambio de la tierra, haciendo hincapié en la m² en algunas zonas de São Luís es fundamental para identificar la generación de nuevos condominios clubes como el caso del faro de la isla. En este punto, el objetivo es identificar la aplicabilidad de valor de uso y valor de cambio de la tierra en el condominio Farol da Ilha de São Luís (Maranhão, Brasil). La metodología se caracteriza por ser bibliográfica, documental y empírica. Los resultados apuntan a una sobrevaloración de las imágenes del barrio de Ponta d'Areia instalando Farol da Ilha. Llega a la conclusión de que el mercado imboliário es ágil y contribuye a la revitalización de las zonas urbanas de São Luís. Palabras-clave: Condominio residencial; Utilice el valor y el intercambio de la tierra; São Luís.

scholarly journals Checklist of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) in the urban areas of Cerrado in Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. e978
Author(s):  
Felina Kelly Marques Bulhoes ◽  
Franciélli Cristiane Gruchowski Woitowicz ◽  
Ramon Lima Ramos ◽  
Favízia Freitas de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Bioindicator Species ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The City

In a global context, few studies have investigated the effects of urbanization on apifauna, as well as the importance of green areas in urban centers for the conservation of local bee fauna. In Brazil, this line of research is still quite recent, with most studies carried out in regions with a predominance of the Atlantic Rainforest phytogeographic domain. For the Brazilian state of Bahia, such research is still scarce and, especially, if we consider the large territorial dimension that this state denotes. In the area that covers the Cerrado, few studies have been carried out that inventory the urban apifauna. In this paper we present a list of bee species recorded in urban areas of the city of Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil, which represent the first apifauna inventory in the Western region of Bahia. Specimens were collected fortnightly from November 2019 to April 2020, using two sampling methods: colored water traps (ARCAs/pantraps) and entomological net, in two remnants of vegetation used as sampling points. A total of 749 specimens were sampled, distributed in four families, 18 tribes, 29 genera, and 45 species. A total of 369 (49.3%) specimens were collected using the entomological net and 380 specimens (50.7%) by using the ARCAs. Our results showed that the area with the highest level of urbanization had bioindicator species of degraded environments, which benefit from urbanization, and despite the urban growth, the fragments found in the matrix can serve as a refuge for bee fauna, as long as they are well planned.

scholarly journals Land quality and the city: Monitoring urban growth and land take in 76 Southern European metropolitan areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Salvati ◽  
Ilaria Tombolini ◽  
Achille Ippolito ◽  
Margherita Carlucci
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Land Quality ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Urban Containment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Urban expansion determines socioeconomic and environmental changes with unpredictable impacts on peri-urban land, especially in ecologically fragile areas. The present study assesses the impact of dense and, respectively, discontinuous urban expansion on high-quality land consumption in 76 metropolitan regions of Southern Europe. Land quality indicators and land-use maps were considered together with the aim to analyze urban growth and land take processes in Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy and Greece. Differences in the rate of selective land take (high- vs. low-quality soils) were observed at the metropolitan scale depending on the size of urban regions, the average level of land quality and the percentage of built-up areas and cropland in the total landscape. Discontinuous residential settlements were more frequently developed on high-quality soils in respect to both dense and mixed residential settlements and service settlements. Urbanization – especially discontinuous urban expansion – consumed high-quality land mainly in Spain and Greece. The approach presented in this paper may inform joint policies for urban containment and the preservation of high-quality soils in peri-urban areas.

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