scholarly journals Cytokine Immunopathogenesis of Enterovirus 71 Brain Stem Encephalitis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Min Wang ◽  
Huan-Yao Lei ◽  
Ching-Chuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Brain Stem Encephalitis

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the most important causes of herpangina and hand, foot, and mouth disease. It can also cause severe complications of the central nervous system (CNS). Brain stem encephalitis with pulmonary edema is the severe complication that can lead to death. EV71 replicates in leukocytes, endothelial cells, and dendritic cells resulting in the production of immune and inflammatory mediators that shape innate and acquired immune responses and the complications of disease. Cytokines, as a part of innate immunity, favor the development of antiviral and Th1 immune responses. Cytokines and chemokines play an important role in the pathogenesis EV71 brain stem encephalitis. Both the CNS and the systemic inflammatory responses to infection play important, but distinctly different, roles in the pathogenesis of EV71 pulmonary edema. Administration of intravenous immunoglobulin and milrinone, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has been shown to modulate inflammation, to reduce sympathetic overactivity, and to improve survival in patients with EV71 autonomic nervous system dysregulation and pulmonary edema.

scholarly journals Predicting Severe Enterovirus 71-Infected Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Cytokines and Chemokines

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Weijian Zhang ◽  
Zhigang Huang ◽  
Mingyuan Huang ◽  
Jincheng Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Ev71 Infection ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the most common intestinal virus that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and young children (mostly ≤5 years of age). Generally, children with EV71-infected HFMD have mild symptoms that resolve spontaneously within 7-14 days without complications. However, some EV71-infected HFMD cases lead to severe complications such as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, pulmonary edema, cardiorespiratory complication, circulatory disorders, poliomyelitis-like paralysis, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, neonatal sepsis, and even death. The mechanism of EV71 pathogenesis has been studied extensively, and the regulation of host immune responses is suspected to aggravate EV71-induced severe complications. Recently, several cytokines or chemokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-37, IL-4, IL-13, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, IL-10, IL-22, IL-17F, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, G-CSF, and HMGB1 have been reported to be associated with severe EV71 infection by numerous research teams, including our own. This review is aimed at summarizing the pathophysiology of the cytokines and chemokines with severe EV71 infection.

Epitope Peptide Amphiphile-Based Nanofiber as an Effective Vaccine for Viral Infectious Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 5329-5332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Gyeong Kim ◽  
Yunsu Lee ◽  
Jong-Wha Jung ◽  
Hyo-Eon Jin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Epitope Peptide ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Peptide Amphiphile ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Atomic Force

Peptide-based vaccines are relatively safe but have weak immune responses even with an adjuvant. In order to overcome the limitations of peptide-based vaccines, we developed peptide amphiphile (PA)-based nanofibers to enhance the immune responses for preventing enterovirus 71 (EV71) infectious disease (i.e., Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease). PAs are peptides conjugated with fatty acid alkyl chain and able to self-assemble into various structures including high-aspectratio nanofibers. We designed PAs by coupling EV71 virus particle 1 (VP1) epitope peptides and spacer-crosslinker to the N-terminal of long-chain fatty acids (VP1-PA). PAs then self-assembled into nanofibers at physiological pH (pH 7.4). PA nanofibers were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). For the immunization studies, C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with recombinant VP1 with adjuvant (alum), VP1 epitope peptide with or without adjuvant, VP1-PA nanofibers with or without adjuvant, and PBS. To assess the immunogenecity of the VP1-PA nanofibers on serum samples from the immunized mice was analyzed by Western blot for the evaluation of VP1-specific IgG. The PA group showed a higher immune response than the peptide group. We expect that self-assembling VP1-PA based nanofibers as an immune stimulator could enhance immune responses effectively against EV71 infection and overcome the limitations of peptide-based vaccine.

scholarly journals Interleukin-27 as a Novel Biomarker for Early Cardiopulmonary Failure in Enterovirus 71-Infected Children with Central Nervous System Involvement

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyuan Huang ◽  
Wenjing Du ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Haiyang Zhang ◽  
Longbin Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Cns Involvement ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Failure

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major pathogen for severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which leads to severe neurological complications and has high morbidity and mortality. Reliable biomarker for the prediction of deterioration in EV71-infected children with central nervous system (CNS) involvement may reduce the cardiopulmonary failure and mortality. Here, we found that serum IL-27 levels were significantly higher in stage III EV71-infected HFMD patients with early cardiopulmonary failure and strong correlation with CRP levels.IL27p28polymorphisms (rs153109, rs17855750, and rs181206) did not influence IL-27 production, and these three SNPs were not associated with EV71 infection risk and clinical stage. IL-27 can be used as an prediction indicator for early cardiopulmonary failure in EV71-infected children with CNS involvement.

scholarly journals Recent advances of enterovirus 71 $$3{\rm C}^{{\rm pro}}$$ targeting Inhibitors

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rominah Onintsoa Diarimalala ◽  
Meichun Hu ◽  
Yanhong Wei ◽  
Kanghong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Brain Stem Encephalitis ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract With CA16, enterovirus-71 is the causative agent of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) which occurs mostly in children under 5 years-old and responsible of several outbreaks since a decade. Most of the time, HFMD is a mild disease but can progress to severe complications such as meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and even death; EV71 has been identified in all severe cases. Therefore, it is actually one of the most public health issues that threatens children’s life. $$3{\rm C}^{{\rm pro}}$$ 3 C pro is a protease which plays important functions in EV71 infection. To date, a lot of $$3{\rm C}^{{\rm pro}}$$ 3 C pro inhibitors have been tested but none of them has been approved yet. Therefore, a drug screening is still an utmost importance in order to treat and/or prevent EV71 infections. This work highlights the EV71 life cycle, $$3{\rm C}^{{\rm pro}}$$ 3 C pro functions and $$3{\rm C}^{{\rm pro}}$$ 3 C pro inhibitors recently screened. It permits to well understand all mechanisms about $$3{\rm C}^{{\rm pro}}$$ 3 C pro and consequently allow further development of drugs targeting $$3{\rm C}^{{\rm pro}}$$ 3 C pro . Thus, this review is helpful for screening of more new $$3{\rm C}^{{\rm pro}}$$ 3 C pro inhibitors or for designing analogues of well known $$3{\rm C}^{{\rm pro}}$$ 3 C pro inhibitors in order to improve its antiviral activity.

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