scholarly journals Origin and Regenerative Potential of Vertebrate Mechanoreceptor-Associated Stem Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darius Widera ◽  
Stefan Hauser ◽  
Christian Kaltschmidt ◽  
Barbara Kaltschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Nerve Crush ◽  
Cellular Origin ◽  
Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Ability To Regenerate ◽  
Stem Cell Populations

Meissner corpuscles and Merkel cell neurite complexes are highly specialized mechanoreceptors present in the hairy and glabrous skin, as well as in different types of mucosa. Several reports suggest that after injury, such as after nerve crush, freeze injury, or dissection of the nerve, they are able to regenerate, particularly including reinnervation and repopulation of the mechanoreceptors by Schwann cells. However, little is known about mammalian cells responsible for these regenerative processes. Here we review cellular origin of this plasticity in the light of newly described adult neural crest-derived stem cell populations. We also discuss further potential multipotent stem cell populations with the ability to regenerate disrupted innervation and to functionally recover the mechanoreceptors. These capabilities are discussed as in context to cellularly reprogrammed Schwann cells and tissue resident adult mesenchymal stem cells.

scholarly journals Quiescent, Slow-Cycling Stem Cell Populations in Cancer: A Review of the Evidence and Discussion of Significance

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Moore ◽  
Stephen Lyle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Cell Cycle Regulators ◽  
Slow Cycling ◽  
Stem Cell Populations

Long-lived cancer stem cells (CSCs) with indefinite proliferative potential have been identified in multiple epithelial cancer types. These cells are likely derived from transformed adult stem cells and are thought to share many characteristics with their parental population, including a quiescent slow-cycling phenotype. Various label-retaining techniques have been used to identify normal slow cycling adult stem cell populations and offer a unique methodology to functionally identify and isolate cancer stem cells. The quiescent nature of CSCs represents an inherent mechanism that at least partially explains chemotherapy resistance and recurrence in posttherapy cancer patients. Isolating and understanding the cell cycle regulatory mechanisms of quiescent cancer cells will be a key component to creation of future therapies that better target CSCs and totally eradicate tumors. Here we review the evidence for quiescent CSC populations and explore potential cell cycle regulators that may serve as future targets for elimination of these cells.

scholarly journals Stem Cell Concept in Thyroid Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cihan Zamur ◽  
Uğur Topal ◽  
Harun Özdemir ◽  
Serdar Altınay
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Cellular Origin ◽  
Rare Cells

The most frequently diagnosed endocrine cancer, which causes more deaths than any other endocrine cancer, is thyroid cancer. Cancer stem cells are rare cells found in tumors that can regenerate themselves, phenotypically leads to various tumor cell populations and trigger tumorigenesis. Cancer stem cells have been identified in many cancers, including thyroid cancer. Having an understanding of the molecular mechanisms which control the biology of cancer stem cells and the disease processes will help us in designing more rational targeted therapies for aggressive thyroid cancers. In this review, we aimed to present the current accepted knowledge about thyroid stem cells, information regarding the cellular origin of thyroid cancer stem cells, and the clinical results of cancer stem cells present in the thyroid gland.

scholarly journals Cellular and molecular characterization of the role of the flk-2/flt-3 receptor tyrosine kinase in hematopoietic stem cells

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 2422-2430 ◽  
Author(s):  
FC Zeigler ◽  
BD Bennett ◽  
CT Jordan ◽  
SD Spencer ◽  
S Baumhueter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Population ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Stem Cell Populations

The flk-2/flt-3 receptor tyrosine kinase was cloned from a hematopoietic stem cell population and is considered to play a potential role in the developmental fate of the stem cell. Using antibodies derived against the extracellular domain of the receptor, we show that stem cells from both murine fetal liver and bone marrow can express flk-2/flt-3. However, in both these tissues, there are stem cell populations that do not express the receptor. Cell cycle analysis shows that stem cells that do not express the receptor have a greater percentage of the population in G0 when compared with the flk-2/flt-3- positive population. Development of agonist antibodies to the receptor shows a proliferative role for the receptor in stem cell populations. Stimulation with an agonist antibody gives rise to an expansion of both myeloid and lymphoid cells and this effect is enhanced by the addition of kit ligand. These studies serve to further illustrate the importance of the flk-2/flt-3 receptor in the regulation of the hematopoietic stem cell.

Leukemic stem cells hiding in plain sight

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (38) ◽  
pp. eaay7253
Author(s):  
Gabriel K. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Leukemic Stem Cell ◽  
Leukemic Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Populations

Activation of NK-mediated immune surveillance clears leukemic stem cell populations.

scholarly journals The nutritional environment determines which and how intestinal stem cells contribute to homeostasis and tumorigenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 937-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenge Li ◽  
Samuel E Zimmerman ◽  
Karina Peregrina ◽  
Michele Houston ◽  
Joshua Mayoral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Intestinal Cell ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Dna Mismatch ◽  
Nutrient Environment ◽  
Mucosal Homeostasis ◽  
Human Mucosa ◽  
Stem Cell Populations

Abstract Sporadic colon cancer accounts for approximately 80% of colorectal cancer (CRC) with high incidence in Western societies strongly linked to long-term dietary patterns. A unique mouse model for sporadic CRC results from feeding a purified rodent Western-style diet (NWD1) recapitulating intake for the mouse of common nutrient risk factors each at its level consumed in higher risk Western populations. This causes sporadic large and small intestinal tumors in wild-type mice at an incidence and frequency similar to that in humans. NWD1 perturbs intestinal cell maturation and Wnt signaling throughout villi and colonic crypts and decreases mouse Lgr5hi intestinal stem cell contribution to homeostasis and tumor development. Here we establish that NWD1 transcriptionally reprograms Lgr5hi cells, and that nutrients are interactive in reprogramming. Furthermore, the DNA mismatch repair pathway is elevated in Lgr5hi cells by lower vitamin D3 and/or calcium in NWD1, paralleled by reduced accumulation of relevant somatic mutations detected by single-cell exome sequencing. In compensation, NWD1 also reprograms Bmi1+ cells to function and persist as stem-like cells in mucosal homeostasis and tumor development. The data establish the key role of the nutrient environment in defining the contribution of two different stem cell populations to both mucosal homeostasis and tumorigenesis. This raises important questions regarding impact of variable human diets on which and how stem cell populations function in the human mucosa and give rise to tumors. Moreover, major differences reported in turnover of human and mouse crypt base stem cells may be linked to their very different nutrient exposures.

scholarly journals Comparative proteomic analysis of two distinct stem-cell populations from human amniotic fluid

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1622-1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Romani ◽  
Francesca Fallarino ◽  
Irene Pirisinu ◽  
Mario Calvitti ◽  
Anna Caselli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Human Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Comparative Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Stem Cell Populations

Characterization of two types of stem cells isolated from human amniotic fluid.

scholarly journals Gastric Stem Cell and Cellular Origin of Cancer

Biomedicines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Hata ◽  
Yoku Hayakawa ◽  
Kazuhiko Koike
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Stem Cell Markers ◽  
Cell Markers ◽  
Cellular Origin ◽  
Cell Niche ◽  
Stem Cell Populations ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Several stem cell markers within the gastrointestinal epithelium have been identified in mice. One of the best characterized is Lgr5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5) and evidence suggests that Lgr5+ cells in the gut are the origin of gastrointestinal cancers. Reserve or facultative stem or progenitor cells with the ability to convert to Lgr5+ cells following injury have also been identified. Unlike the intestine, where Lgr5+ cells at the crypt base act as active stem cells, the stomach may contain unique stem cell populations, since gastric Lgr5+ cells seem to behave as a reserve rather than active stem cells, both in the corpus and in the antral glands. Gastrointestinal stem cells are supported by a specific microenvironment, the stem cell niche, which also promotes tumorigenesis. This review focuses on stem cell markers in the gut and their supporting niche factors. It also discusses the molecular mechanisms that regulate stem cell function and tumorigenesis.

scholarly journals Stem cells: Aging and transcriptional fingerprints

2017 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice E. Keyes ◽  
Elaine Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Functional Abilities ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Stem Cell Populations

Stem cells are imbued with unique qualities. They have the capacity to propagate themselves through symmetric divisions and to divide asymmetrically to engender new cells that can progress to differentiate into tissue-specific, terminal cell types. Armed with these qualities, stem cells in adult tissues are tasked with replacing decaying cells and regenerating tissue after injury to maintain optimal tissue function. With increasing age, stem cell functional abilities decline, resulting in reduced organ function and delays in tissue repair. Here, we review the effect of aging in five well-studied adult murine stem cell populations and explore age-related declines in stem cell function and their consequences for stem cell self-renewal, tissue homeostasis, and regeneration. Finally, we examine transcriptional changes that have been documented in aged stem cell populations and discuss new questions and future directions that this collection of data has uncovered.

scholarly journals Cardiac Stem Cells in the Postnatal Heart: Lessons from Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Aguilar-Sanchez ◽  
Melina Michael ◽  
Sari Pennings
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Stem Cell Therapy ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Cell Renewal ◽  
Cardiac Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Populations

Heart development in mammals is followed by a postnatal decline in cell proliferation and cell renewal from stem cell populations. A better understanding of the developmental changes in cardiac microenvironments occurring during heart maturation will be informative regarding the loss of adult regenerative potential. We reevaluate the adult heart’s mitotic potential and the reported adult cardiac stem cell populations, as these are two topics of ongoing debate. The heart’s early capacity for cell proliferation driven by progenitors and reciprocal signalling is demonstrated throughout development. The mature heart architecture and environment may be more restrictive on niches that can host progenitor cells. The engraftment issues observed in cardiac stem cell therapy trials using exogenous stem cells may indicate a lack of supporting stem cell niches, while tissue injury adds to a hostile microenvironment for transplanted cells. Engraftment may be improved by preconditioning the cultured stem cells and modulating the microenvironment to host these cells. These prospective areas of further research would benefit from a better understanding of cardiac progenitor interactions with their microenvironment throughout development and may lead to enhanced cardiac niche support for stem cell therapy engraftment.

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