scholarly journals Genetics and Management of the Patient with Orofacial Cleft

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Abreu Brito ◽  
Joanna Goes Castro Meira ◽  
Gerson Shigeru Kobayashi ◽  
Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Deletion Syndrome ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genetic Causes ◽  
Complex Disorder ◽  
Facial Defect ◽  
Genome Wide

Cleft lip or palate (CL/P) is a common facial defect present in 1 : 700 live births and results in substantial burden to patients. There are more than 500 CL/P syndromes described, the causes of which may be single-gene mutations, chromosomopathies, and exposure to teratogens. Part of the most prevalent syndromic CL/P has known etiology. Nonsyndromic CL/P, on the other hand, is a complex disorder, whose etiology is still poorly understood. Recent genome-wide association studies have contributed to the elucidation of the genetic causes, by raising reproducible susceptibility genetic variants; their etiopathogenic roles, however, are difficult to predict, as in the case of the chromosomal region 8q24, the most corroborated locus predisposing to nonsyndromic CL/P. Knowing the genetic causes of CL/P will directly impact the genetic counseling, by estimating precise recurrence risks, and the patient management, since the patient, followup may be partially influenced by their genetic background. This paper focuses on the genetic causes of important syndromic CL/P forms (van der Woude syndrome, 22q11 deletion syndrome, and Robin sequence-associated syndromes) and depicts the recent findings in nonsyndromic CL/P research, addressing issues in the conduct of the geneticist.

Genetics and pain in childhood

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Mogil
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Pediatric Pain ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Pediatric Populations

Genomic and other “omic” approaches are now routinely applied to the study of pain. Some of these investigations have utilized pediatric populations. This review describes what is currently known about the heritability of pain in children (from twin studies), genes relevant to pain in children (from single-gene mutations, candidate gene, and genome-wide association studies), and the application of newer techniques, such as epigenomics, to pediatric pain.

scholarly journals Post-GWAS knowledge gap: the how, where, and when

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Pierce ◽  
Alix Booms ◽  
Jordan Prahl ◽  
Edwin J. C. van der Schans ◽  
Trevor Tyson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Studies ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Small Effect Size

Abstract Genetic risk for complex diseases very rarely reflects only Mendelian-inherited phenotypes where single-gene mutations can be followed in families by linkage analysis. More commonly, a large set of low-penetrance, small effect-size variants combine to confer risk; they are normally revealed in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which compare large population groups. Whereas Mendelian inheritance points toward disease mechanisms arising from the mutated genes, in the case of GWAS signals, the effector proteins and even general risk mechanism are mostly unknown. Instead, the utility of GWAS currently lies primarily in predictive and diagnostic information. Although an amazing body of GWAS-based knowledge now exists, we advocate for more funding towards the exploration of the fundamental biology in post-GWAS studies; this research will bring us closer to causality and risk gene identification. Using Parkinson’s Disease as an example, we ask, how, where, and when do risk loci contribute to disease?

Genetic Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 358-372
Author(s):  
M. Shamila ◽  
Amit Kumar Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genetic Data Analysis

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) or genetic data analysis is used to discover common genetic factors which influence the health of human beings and become a part of a disease. The concept of using genomics has increased in recent years, especially in e-healthcare. Today there is huge improvement required in this field or genomics. Note that the terms genomics and genetics are not similar terms here. Basically, the human genome is made up of DNA, which consists of four different chemical building blocks (called bases and abbreviated A, T, C, and G). Based on this, we differentiate each and every human being living on earth. The term ‘genetics' originated from the Greek word ‘genetikos'. It means ‘origin'. In simple terms, genetics can be defined as a branch of biology, which deals with the study of the functionalities and composition of a single gene in an organism. There are mainly three branches of genetics, which include classical genetics, molecular genetics, and population genetics.

The genetics of axial spondyloarthritis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Siebert ◽  
Sengupta Raj ◽  
Alexander Tsoukas
Keyword(s):  
Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Functional Importance ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Arthritogenic Peptide ◽  
Protein Response

Family and twin studies have long suggested a large genetic component in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The genetic association with HLA-B27 remains one of the strongest single gene variant associations reported in any complex polygenic disease. The exact mechanism by which HLA-B27 contributes to AS remains unknown, with three main theories proposed: the arthritogenic peptide, endoplasmic reticulum stress with unfolded protein response, and homodimerization theories. Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of other important susceptibility genes for AS, several of which overlap with other spondyloarthritis conditions. Of these, ERAP1 and IL-23R, are covered in more detail, highlighting their functional importance.

scholarly journals TAGOOS: genome-wide supervised learning of non-coding loci associated to complex phenotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (14) ◽  
pp. e79-e79
Author(s):  
Aitor González ◽  
Marie Artufel ◽  
Pascal Rihet
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Functional Snps ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Complex Phenotypes ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Intergenic Regions

Abstract Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) associate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to complex phenotypes. Most human SNPs fall in non-coding regions and are likely regulatory SNPs, but linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks make it difficult to distinguish functional SNPs. Therefore, putative functional SNPs are usually annotated with molecular markers of gene regulatory regions and prioritized with dedicated prediction tools. We integrated associated SNPs, LD blocks and regulatory features into a supervised model called TAGOOS (TAG SNP bOOSting) and computed scores genome-wide. The TAGOOS scores enriched and prioritized unseen associated SNPs with an odds ratio of 4.3 and 3.5 and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.65 and 0.6 for intronic and intergenic regions, respectively. The TAGOOS score was correlated with the maximal significance of associated SNPs and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and with the number of biological samples annotated for key regulatory features. Analysis of loci and regions associated to cleft lip and human adult height phenotypes recovered known functional loci and predicted new functional loci enriched in transcriptions factors related to the phenotypes. In conclusion, we trained a supervised model based on associated SNPs to prioritize putative functional regions. The TAGOOS scores, annotations and UCSC genome tracks are available here: https://tagoos.readthedocs.io.

scholarly journals Molecular Variants in Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptors and Their Implications in Mental and Metabolic Disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazia Rutigliano ◽  
Riccardo Zucchi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Complex Disorders ◽  
Linkage Analyses ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Trace Amine

Abstract We provide a comprehensive review of the available evidence on the pathophysiological implications of genetic variants in the human trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) superfamily. Genes coding for trace amine-associated receptors (taars) represent a multigene family of G-protein-coupled receptors, clustered to a small genomic region of 108 kb located in chromosome 6q23, which has been consistently identified by linkage analyses as a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia and affective disorders. Most TAARs are expressed in brain areas involved in emotions, reward and cognition. TAARs are activated by endogenous trace amines and thyronamines, and evidence for a modulatory action on other monaminergic systems has been reported. Therefore, linkage analyses were followed by fine mapping association studies in schizophrenia and affective disorders. However, none of these reports has received sufficient universal replication, so their status remains uncertain. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in taars have emerged as susceptibility loci from genome-wide association studies investigating migraine and brain development, but none of the detected variants reached the threshold for genome-wide significance. In the last decade, technological advances enabled single-gene or whole-exome sequencing, thus allowing the detection of rare genetic variants, which may have a greater impact on the risk of complex disorders. Using these approaches, several taars (especially taar1) variants have been detected in patients with mental and metabolic disorders, and in some cases, defective receptor function has been demonstrated in vitro. Finally, with the use of transcriptomic and peptidomic techniques, dysregulations of TAARs (especially TAAR6) have been identified in brain disorders characterized by cognitive impairment.

scholarly journals Genome-wide association analysis reveals extensive genetic overlap between mood instability and psychiatric disorders but divergent patterns of genetic effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Hindley ◽  
Kevin S O'Connell ◽  
Zillur Rahman ◽  
Oleksandr Frei ◽  
Shahram Bahrami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Mood Instability ◽  
Genome Wide

Mood instability (MOOD) is a transdiagnostic phenomenon with a prominent neurobiological basis. Recent genome-wide association studies found significant positive genetic correlation between MOOD and major depression (DEP) and weak correlations with other psychiatric disorders. We investigated the polygenic overlap between MOOD and psychiatric disorders beyond genetic correlation to better characterize putative shared genetic determinants. Summary statistics for schizophrenia (SCZ, n=105,318), bipolar disorder (BIP, n=413,466), DEP (n=450,619), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, n=53,293) and MOOD (n=363,705), were analysed using the bivariate causal mixture model and conjunctional false discovery rate methods to estimate the proportion of shared variants influencing MOOD and each disorder, and identify jointly associated genomic loci. MOOD correlated positively with all psychiatric disorders, but with wide variation in strength (rg=0.10-0.62). Of 10.4K genomic variants influencing MOOD, 4K-9.4K were estimated to influence psychiatric disorders. MOOD was jointly associated with DEP at 163 loci, SCZ at 110, BIP at 60 and ADHD at 25, with consistent genetic effects in independent samples. Fifty-three jointly associated loci were overlapping across two or more disorders (transdiagnostic), seven of which had discordant effect directions on psychiatric disorders. Genes mapped to loci associated with MOOD and all four disorders were enriched in a single gene-set, synapse organization. The extensive polygenic overlap indicates shared molecular underpinnings across MOOD and psychiatric disorders. However, distinct patterns of genetic correlation and effect directions of shared loci suggest divergent effects on corresponding neurobiological mechanisms which may relate to differences in the core clinical features of each disorder.

scholarly journals FISSURAS LABIAIS E/OU PALATINAS NÃO SINDRÔMICAS: DETERMINANTES AMBIENTAIS E GENÉTICOS.

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa Do Rego Borges ◽  
Jamile De Oliveira Sá ◽  
Lorena Castro Mariano ◽  
Samário Cintra Maranhão ◽  
Alena Peixoto Medrado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Orofacial Clefts ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Ethnic Factors

The nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCL/P) is a birth anomaly resulting from fusion defects of craniofacial processes. These changes have varied incidence and are more common in nonsyndromic form. The aim of this paper is conduct a literature review about NSCL/P, emphasizing the genetic aspects. In the critical analysis of the selected articles was founded that several genes and chromosomal regions have been associated with orofacial clefts in Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS), like the genes IRF6, ABCA4, MAFB and region 8q24. It is a developmental disorder of multifactorial origin, involving environmental and genetic agents. The authors also observed strong interference of ethnic factors, particularly in studies of the case-control type. Some polymorphisms were identified in replicated GWAS studies and associated with cleft in the Brazilian population, like the polymorphism rs987525, rs1530300 and rs560426. When the population is stratified, like in Brazil, the ethnic composition has problably a strong effect on the genetic association with NSCL/P. It is recommended the study of genetic ancestry into research’s associating genetic polymorphisms on orofacial clefts.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Association Studies of Conotruncal Heart Defects with Normally Related Great Vessels in the United States

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1030
Author(s):  
Omobola O. Oluwafemi ◽  
Fadi I. Musfee ◽  
Laura E. Mitchell ◽  
Elizabeth Goldmuntz ◽  
Hongbo M. Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Studies ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deletion Syndrome ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Gene Set ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Gene Level ◽  
Great Vessels

Conotruncal defects with normally related great vessels (CTD-NRGVs) occur in both patients with and without 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), but it is unclear to what extent the genetically complex etiologies of these heart defects may overlap across these two groups, potentially involving variation within and/or outside of the 22q11.2 region. To explore this potential overlap, we conducted genome-wide SNP-level, gene-level, and gene set analyses using common variants, separately in each of five cohorts, including two with 22q11.2DS (N = 1472 total cases) and three without 22q11.2DS (N = 935 total cases). Results from the SNP-level analyses were combined in meta-analyses, and summary statistics from these analyses were also used in gene and gene set analyses. Across all these analyses, no association was significant after correction for multiple comparisons. However, several SNPs, genes, and gene sets with suggestive evidence of association were identified. For common inherited variants, we did not identify strong evidence for shared genomic mechanisms for CTD-NRGVs across individuals with and without 22q11.2 deletions. Nevertheless, several of our top gene-level and gene set results have been linked to cardiogenesis and may represent candidates for future work.

scholarly journals Clap de fin pour le « gène de l’homosexualité »

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Bertrand Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Association Studies ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Linkage Studies ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Large Databases ◽  
Very Large Databases ◽  
Small Set

Evidence for a “homosexuality gene” was claimed in the early 1990’s on the basis of linkage studies that, by current criteria, were woefully underpowered. Indeed, follow up studies gave contradictory results. Genome-wide association studies, and very large databases with detailed genetic and phenotypic data, have made possible a re-examination of this issue. While modest heritability (ca. 0.3) for homosexuality is confirmed, no major locus is found and the genetic influence appears extremely polygenic. Thus, there is no single gene, or even small set of genes, that have a strong influence on homosexuality.

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