scholarly journals Molecular Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Se Eun Byeon ◽  
Jaehwi Lee ◽  
Ji Hye Kim ◽  
Woo Seok Yang ◽  
Yi-Seong Kwak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Korean Red Ginseng ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide

Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP), isolated from Korean red ginseng, displays immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Even though numerous studies have been reported, the mechanism as to how RGAP is able to stimulate the immune response is not clear. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of molecular activation of RGAP in macrophages. RGAP treatment strongly induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells without altering morphological changes, although the activity was not strong compared to LPS-induced dendritic-like morphology in RAW264.7 cells. RGAP-induced NO production was accompanied with enhanced mRNA levels of iNOS and increases in nuclear transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, STAT-1, ATF-2, and CREB. According to pharmacological evaluation with specific enzyme inhibitors, Western blot analysis of intracellular signaling proteins and inhibitory pattern using blocking antibodies, ERK, and JNK were found to be the most important signaling enzymes compared to LPS signaling cascade. Further, TLR2 seems to be a target surface receptor of RGAP. Lastly, macrophages isolated from RGS2 knockout mice or wortmannin exposure strongly upregulated RGAP-treated NO production. Therefore, our results suggest that RGAP can activate macrophage function through activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1 and their upstream signaling enzymes such as ERK and JNK.

scholarly journals Enhanced Intestinal Permeability and Plasma Concentration of Metformin in Rats by the Repeated Administration of Red Ginseng Extract

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sojeong Jin ◽  
Sowon Lee ◽  
Ji-Hyeon Jeon ◽  
Hyuna Kim ◽  
Min-Koo Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Korean Red Ginseng ◽  
Ginseng Extract

We aimed to assess the potential herb–drug interactions between Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) and metformin in rats in terms of the modulation of metformin transporters, such as organic cation transporter (Oct), multiple toxin and extrusion protein (Mate), and plasma membrane monoamine transporter (Pmat). Single treatment of RGE did not inhibit the in vitro transport activity of OCT1/2 up to 500 µg/mL and inhibited MATE1/2-K with high IC50 value (more than 147.8 µg/mL), suggesting that concomitant used of RGE did not directly inhibit OCT- and MATE-mediated metformin uptake. However, 1-week repeated administration of RGE (1.5 g/kg/day) (1WRA) to rats showed different alterations in mRNA levels of Oct1 depending on the tissue type. RGE increased intestinal Oct1 but decreased hepatic Oct1. However, neither renal Oct1/Oct2 nor Mate1/Pmat expression in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, liver, and kidney were changed in 1WRA rats. RGE repeated dose also increased the intestinal permeability of metformin; however, the permeability of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose and Lucifer yellow was not changed in 1WRA rats, suggesting that the increased permeability of metformin by multiple doses of RGE is substrate-specific. On pharmacokinetic analysis, plasma metformin concentrations following intravenous injection were not changed in 1WRA, consistent with no significant change in renal Oct1, Oct2, and mate1. Repeated doses of RGE for 1 week significantly increased the plasma concentration of metformin, with increased half-life and urinary excretion of metformin following oral administration of metformin (50 mg/kg), which could be attributed to the increased absorption of metformin. In conclusion, repeated administration of RGE showed in vivo pharmacokinetic herb–drug interaction with metformin, with regard to its plasma exposure and increased absorption in rats. These results were consistent with increased intestinal Oct1 and its functional consequence, therefore, the combined therapeutic efficacy needs further evaluation before the combination and repeated administration of RGE and metformin, an Oct1 substrate drug.

scholarly journals Lancemaside A fromCodonopsis lanceolataModulates the Inflammatory Responses Mediated by Monocytes and Macrophages

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunji Kim ◽  
Woo Seok Yang ◽  
Ji Hye Kim ◽  
Jae Gwang Park ◽  
Han Gyung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Costimulatory Molecule ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
U937 Cells ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Lancemaside A ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages

In this study, we aimed to examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms of lancemaside A fromCodonopsis lanceolata(Campanulaceae) in the inflammatory responses of monocytes (U937 cells) and macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). Lancemaside A significantly suppressed the inflammatory functions of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated RAW264.7 cells by suppressing the production of nitric oxide (NO), the expression of the NO-producing enzyme inducible NO synthase (iNOS), the upregulation of the costimulatory molecule CD80, and the morphological changes induced by LPS exposure. In addition, lancemaside A diminished the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells and boosted the neutralizing capacity of these cells when treated with the radical generator sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Interestingly, lancemaside A strongly blocked the adhesion activity of RAW264.7 cells to plastic culture plates, inhibited the cell-cell and cell-fibronectin (FN) adhesion of U937 cells that was triggered by treatment with an anti-β1-integrin (CD29) antibody and immobilized FN, respectively. By evaluating the activation of various intracellular signaling pathways and the levels of related nuclear transcription factors, lancemaside A was found to block the activation of inhibitor ofκB kinase (IKK) and p65/nuclear factor- (NF-)κB. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that the anti-inflammatory function of lancemaside A is the result of its strong antioxidative and IKK/NF-κB inhibitory activities.

scholarly journals Anti-hyperlipidemic Effects of Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Seong Kwak ◽  
Jong-Soo Kyung ◽  
Jong Soo Kim ◽  
Jae Youl Cho ◽  
Man-Hee Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Korean Red Ginseng ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide

scholarly journals Signaling Pathways Associated with Macrophage-Activating Polysaccharide Isolated from Korea Red Ginseng

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7111
Author(s):  
Jie Gao ◽  
Sullim Lee ◽  
Ji-Hwan Lee ◽  
Ki-Sung Kang ◽  
Myoung-Sook Shin
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Griess Reagent ◽  
Korean Red Ginseng ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Tnf Α

Background and Objectives: Korean red ginseng (KRG) is known as an immune-enhancing health food and has been approved by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. We analyzed the immune-enhancing activity of KRG and its polysaccharide (KRG-P) using RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Materials and Methods: The protein and mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured using ELISA and qRT-PCR, respectively. Nitric oxide levels were measured using the Griess reagent. The phosphorylation and total protein levels of ERK, p38, JNK, p65, and GAPDH were determined by immunoblot assay. Results: The polysaccharide (KRG-P), but not KRG, produced nitric oxide, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in RAW 264.7 cells. KRG-P increased nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), IL-6, and TNF-α expression in RAW264.7 cells. KRG-P also increased phosphorylation of MAPKs (mitogen-activate protein kinases) including ERK, p38, JNK, and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) in a concentration-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: The polysaccharide KRG-P is the active component responsible for the immune-enhancing activity of Korean red ginseng and may modulate the systemic immune system in vivo.

scholarly journals Immune Activity of Polysaccharide Fractions Isolated from Korean Red Ginseng

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
pp. 3569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo Hyun Youn ◽  
Sang Min Lee ◽  
Chang-Kyun Han ◽  
Gyo In ◽  
Chae-Kyu Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Korean Red Ginseng ◽  
Immune Activity ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Macrophage Activity ◽  
Macrophage Phagocytosis ◽  
Activity Comparison ◽  
Phagocytosis Activity

Korean red ginseng (KRG)’s pharmacological efficacy and popular immunomodulatory effects have already been proven in many studies; however, the component of KRG that is effective in immune activity has not been studied before. Therefore, this study extracted and separated KRG for an immune activity comparison. In the water fraction obtained by extracting KRG powder with water, a red ginseng neutral polysaccharide (RGNP) fraction and a red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) fraction were obtained. Each fraction was orally administered for 10 days to mice with reduced immunity, and the number of IgM antibody-forming cells (AFCs) in splenocytes was measured to compare the immune activity of the water fractions. The results showed that the RGAP fraction has the greatest number of AFCs. To set the optimal dose of the RGAP fraction, which had the highest immune activity, the AFCs, macrophage activity, and splenocyte subtype in the mice were analyzed. As a result, the number of AFCs was significantly increased in the RGAP fraction compared to RGNP. The intraperitoneal macrophage phagocytosis activity and the number of T cells, B cells, and macrophages in the spleen increased significantly. It can, therefore, be confirmed that immune activity increases by a fraction containing higher RGAP content, and we hypothesize that RGAP activates immune activity.

scholarly journals Comparison of Inhibitory Effects of Safflower Decoction and Safflower Injection on Protein and mRNA Expressions of iNOS and IL-1β in LPS-Activated RAW264.7 Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Liao ◽  
Yuanping Li ◽  
Xiaoru Zhai ◽  
Bin Zheng ◽  
Linda Banbury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
Inos Mrna ◽  
No Production ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Objective. Safflower has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The two forms of preparations for safflower which are widely used in China are injection and decoction. The first step of the process for preparing an injection involves extracting safflower with water, which actually yields a decoction. This study is intended to investigate how the preparation process influences the anti-inflammatory activity of safflower in vitro. Methods. Five samples, including a decoction (sample 1) and an injection (sample 5) of safflower, were prepared according to the national standard WS3-B-3825-98-2012 and were analyzed by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) method for comparison. Sample 1 and sample 5 were further tested by the Griess assay and ELISA for their effects on nitric oxide (NO) production and interleukin- (IL-) 1β content in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) activated RAW264.7 cells. The protein and mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IL-1β were measured by Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR. Results. Sample 5 showed a significantly higher ORAC value and a lower half inhibitory concentration (IC50) for DPPH scavenging activity as compared to the other four samples (p<0.05). LPS significantly upregulated the mRNA and protein expressions of iNOS and IL-1β as compared to the solvent control (p<0.01). As compared to sample 1, sample 5 significantly decreased NO production, iNOS protein expression, and the contents of IL-1β mRNA and IL-1β protein at both 100 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml (all: p<0.05) and significantly downregulated iNOS mRNA expression at 100 μg/ml (p<0.05). Conclusions. Results of this study demonstrate that the safflower injection prepared according to the national standard has a significant effect of suppressing protein and mRNA expressions of iNOS and IL-1β as compared to its traditional decoction.

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