scholarly journals Perspectives on the Role of Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Qingyong Ma ◽  
Erxi Wu
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Tumor Cell Death ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Immune System Activation ◽  
System Activation ◽  
Photosensitizing Agent

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive procedure involving a photosensitizing agent that is activated by light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that selectively destroy tumor cells. In recent years, PDT has been used in the treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC). The antitumor effects of PDT include three main mechanisms: direct tumor cell death (necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy), vascular destruction, and immune system activation. The present paper systematically summarizes the effects of PDT in the treatment of PC from the experimental studies to the clinical studies and discusses the mechanisms of PDT-induced PC destruction.

scholarly journals The Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Disease: From Physiological Response to Injury Factor

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella D’Oria ◽  
Rossella Schipani ◽  
Anna Leonardini ◽  
Annalisa Natalicchio ◽  
Sebastio Perrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Molecular Abnormalities ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemical species containing oxygen, controlled by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems. In the heart, ROS play an important role in cell homeostasis, by modulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and excitation-contraction coupling. Oxidative stress occurs when ROS production exceeds the buffering capacity of the antioxidant defense systems, leading to cellular and molecular abnormalities, ultimately resulting in cardiac dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the physiological sources of ROS in the heart, the mechanisms of oxidative stress-related myocardial injury, and the implications of experimental studies and clinical trials with antioxidant therapies in cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Uric acid and inflammation in kidney disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (6) ◽  
pp. F1327-F1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Woong Jung ◽  
Su-Mi Kim ◽  
Yang Gyun Kim ◽  
Sang-Ho Lee ◽  
Ju-Young Moon
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Immune System Activation ◽  
Progression Of Kidney Disease ◽  
System Activation

Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is frequently observed in patients with kidney disease. Although a substantial number of epidemiologic studies have suggested that an elevated uric acid level plays a causative role in the development and progression of kidney disease, whether hyperuricemia is simply a result of decreased renal excretion of uric acid or is a contributor to kidney disease remains a matter of debate. Over the last two decades, multiple experimental studies have expanded the knowledge of the biological effects of uric acid beyond its role in gout. In particular, uric acid induces immune system activation and alters the characteristics of resident kidney cells, such as tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, toward a proinflammatory and profibrotic state. These findings have led to an increased awareness of uric acid as a potential and modifiable risk factor in kidney disease. Here, we discuss the effects of uric acid on the immune system and subsequently review the effects of uric acid on the kidneys mainly in the context of inflammation.

Immune system activation and fatigue during treadmill running: role of interferon

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. DAVIS ◽  
J. A. WEAVER ◽  
M. L. KOHUT ◽  
L. H. COLBERT ◽  
A. GHAFFAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Immune System Activation ◽  
System Activation

scholarly journals Role of Polyphenols as Antioxidant Supplementation in Ischemic Stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Yuan Zhou ◽  
Shanshan Zhang ◽  
Xiang Fan
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Antioxidant Effects ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Stroke is the second most common cause of death globally and the leading cause of death in China. The pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia injury is complex, and oxidative stress plays an important role in the fundamental pathologic progression of cerebral damage in ischemic stroke. Previous studies have preliminarily confirmed that oxidative stress should be a potential therapeutic target and antioxidant as a treatment strategy for ischemic stroke. Emerging experimental studies have demonstrated that polyphenols exert the antioxidant potential to play the neuroprotection role after ischemic stroke. This comprehensive review summarizes antioxidant effects of some polyphenols, which have the most inhibition effects on reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress after ischemic stroke.

scholarly journals Comparisons of lung and gluteus transcriptome profiles between yaks at different ages

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Wei Xin ◽  
Zhi-Xin Chai ◽  
Cheng-Fu Zhang ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Yong Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Immune System Activation ◽  
System Activation ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau ◽  
Activation Status

Abstract The yak, Bos grunniens, is the only large mammal in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and has been bred to provide meat, milk, and transportation. Previous studies indicate that the immune system contributes to the yak’s adaptation to high-altitude environments. In order to further investigate changes in immune function during yak development, we compared the transcriptome profiles of gluteus and lung tissues among yaks at 6, 30, 60, and 90 months of age. Analyses of significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in lung tissues revealed that immune function was more activated at 6-months and less activated at 90-months than in the 30 and 60-month-old animals. DEG exploration in gluteal tissues revealed that immune functions were more highly activated at both 6 and 90-months, compared with 30 and 60-months. Immune system activation in the muscle and lung tissues of 30-month-old yaks may increase their resistance to infections, while decreased may be due to aging. Furthermore, the higher immune activation status in the gluteal tissues in 90-month-old yaks could be due to muscle injury and subsequent regeneration, which is supported by the fact that 5 unigenes related with muscle injury and 3 related to muscle regeneration displayed greater expression levels at 90-months than at 30 and 60-months. Overall, the present study highlights the important role of the immune system in yak development, which will facilitate future investigations.

scholarly journals New Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy in Gastroenterology

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
SG Bown ◽  
AZ Rogowska
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Barrett’S Esophagus ◽  
Barrett's Esophagus ◽  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
Porfimer Sodium ◽  
Pancreatic Cancers ◽  
Amino Levulinic Acid ◽  
Photosensitizing Agent

Most applications of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in gastroenterology to date have used porfimer sodium as the photosensitizing agent. For destroying small lesions in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract in inoperable patients, it has proved to be most effective, but attempts to achieve circumferential mucosal ablation, as in the treatment of Barrett’s esophagus, have led to a high incidence of strictures, and all patients have cutaneous photosensitivity, which can last up to three months. Two new photosensitizers are of particular interest to gastroenterologists. PDT with metatetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin produces a similar biological effect as PDT with porfimer sodium, but the light doses required are much smaller, and cutaneous photosensitivity lasts only two to three weeks. Further, it can be used with percutaneous light delivery to destroy localized pancreatic cancers. The photosensitizing agent 5-amino levulinic acid, converted in vivo into the photoactive derivative protoporphyrin IX, sensitizes the mucosa much more than the underlying layers. This makes it feasible to destroy areas of abnormal mucosa without damaging the underlying muscle and is, therefore, better for treating Barrett’s esophagus. Detailed clinical studies are required to establish the real role of PDT with the use of these and other new photosensitizers.

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