scholarly journals The Effects of Silica/Carbon Black Ratio on the Dynamic Properties of the Tread compounds in Truck Tires

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1102-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Zafarmehrabian ◽  
Saeed Taghvaei Gangali ◽  
Mir Hamid Reza Ghoreishy ◽  
Mehran Davallu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Wet Grip ◽  
Heat Buildup ◽  
Reinforcing Filler

NR is the major constituent in the rubber compound used for the tread on the truck tires. A general compound formulation of the tire tread includes NR and BR as polymer base and carbon black as the reinforcing filler, and curative components. In this paper the effects of dual filler system (carbon black and precipitated silica) on the dynamic properties of tire treat has been studied. The results show by increasing of precipitated silica, significant improvement was observed in fatigue resistance, rolling resistance and heat buildup of the tire. Tensile strength and modulus and wet grip of tire tread decrease with increasing of silica in rubber compound formulation.

Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Silica-Filled Rubber Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 475-478
Author(s):  
Watcharin Rassamee ◽  
Woothichai Thaijaroen ◽  
Thirawudh Pongprayoon
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Unmodified Silica ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Wet Grip

Natural rubber compound using different silicas, including unmodified silica, admicellar-modified silica and silica with silane coupling agent, were studied. The properties including cure characteristics, mechanical properties and dynamic properties were examined with the comparison of three compounds. The results show that cure characteristics of admicellar silica/rubber compound (Ad-Si/R) was shorter than those of unmodified silica/rubber compound (Un-Si/R) and silane coupling silica/rubber compound (Sil-Si/R). Mechanical properties of Ad-Si/R and Sil-Si/R were better than those of Un-Si/R. In addition, wet grip and rolling resistance analyzed from tan δ (5 Hz) at 0°C and 60°C, respectively, by DMA were found that the wet grip of Ad-Si/R was the best, whereas the rolling resistance of Sil-Si/R was the best, in the comparison.

scholarly journals Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects by Addition of Small Amounts of Secondary Fillers to Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Tire Tread Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sattayanurak ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
K. Sahakaro ◽  
W. Kaewsakul ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pure Silica ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Wet Grip

Modern fuel-saving tire treads are commonly reinforced by silica due to the fact that this leads to lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip compared to carbon black-filled alternatives. The introduction of secondary fillers into the silica-reinforced tread compounds, often named hybrid fillers, may have the potential to improve tire performance further. In the present work, two secondary fillers organoclay nanofiller and N134 carbon black were added to silica-based natural rubber compounds at a proportion of silica/secondary filler of 45/10 phr. The compounds were prepared with variable mixing temperatures based on the mixing procedure commonly in use for silica-filled NR systems. The results of Mooney viscosity, Payne effect, cure behavior, and mechanical properties imply that the silica hydrophobation and coupling reaction of the silane coupling agent with silica and elastomer are significantly influenced by organoclay due to an effect of its modifier: an organic ammonium derivative. This has an effect on scorch safety and cure rate. The compounds where carbon black was added as a secondary filler do not show this behavior. They give inferior filler dispersion compared to the pure silica-filled compound, attributed to an inappropriate high mixing temperature and the high specific surface area of the carbon black used. The dynamic properties indicate that there is a potential to improve wet traction and rolling resistance of a tire tread when using organoclay as secondary filler, while the combination of carbon black in silica-filled NR does not change these properties.

Carbon Black in NR/BR Blends for Truck Tires

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Hess ◽  
P. C. Vegvari ◽  
R. A. Swor
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Polymer Phase ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Heat Buildup

Abstract A series of ten commercial tread-grade carbon blacks were evaluated in a 60/40 NR/BR truck tire tread formulation. A number of important physical properties and performance criteria were assessed in terms of carbon black surface area and DBPA. Significant response equations were obtained for viscosity, bound rubber, resilience, heat buildup, tear strength, and dynamic properties. Dynamic modulus showed a much greater dependence on DBPA in comparison to previous studies on SBR/BR compounds. In a second designed experiment, a single carbon black (N299) was studied as a function of the NR/BR ratio and the amount of carbon black added to the BR phase. The BR black loading was varied at 30, 60, and 90 phr using separate masterbatches which were blended with NR-black masterbatches to give the same final composition for all of the compounds. Properties such as resilience, heat buildup, fatigue life, and tear strength were all improved in the direction of higher loadings of carbon black in the NR phase. A high loading of black in the BR phase caused low bound-rubber development and poor dispersion. This was found to be related to the viscosity ratio of the separate masterbatches. NR to BR viscosity ratios of about 1 to 3 produced good dispersion and high bound rubber. When the BR masterbatch viscosity was two to three times higher than the NR masterbatch, however, dispersion and bound-rubber development dropped sharply at the same total mixing energy. Low hysteresis properties were found to be most dependent on high bound-rubber development, with polymer phase distribution having a relatively minor influence. In contrast, tear strength and fatigue life reached their maximum levels when the NR was the more continuous polymer phase. High bound rubber also appears to enhance tear strength and fatigue life by improving the microdispersion of the carbon black.

CARBON BLACK FOR RACING AND MOTORCYCLE TIRE TREADS. PERFORMANCE MODEL DEVELOPMENT

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-506
Author(s):  
Irene S. Yurovska ◽  
Michael D. Morris ◽  
Theo Al
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Racing tires and motorcycle tires present individual segments of the tire market. For instance, while the average life of car and truck tires is 50 000 miles, the average life of race tires is 100 miles. Because tires play a critical role in a race, technical demands to assure safety and performance are growing. Similarly, tires have a large influence on safety, handling/grip, and performance of the rapidly growing world fleet of motorcycles, due to the fact of only two wheels being in contact with the ground. Thus, the common feature of both market segments is that the typical tire compromise of wear, rolling resistance, and traction is strongly weighted toward traction. Most of the recent efforts of rubber scientists have been directed toward lowering rolling resistance of the tread compounds, which left a certain void in the science of compounding for racing and motorcycle treads. Particularly, the industrial assortment of polymers and fillers used for motorcycle treads is commonly different from that used for car or truck treads, but it is not known how the filler properties affect the hysteresis–stiffness compromise. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of the carbon black characteristics on the important properties of a typical racing and motorcycle tire tread compound. More than 50 individual carbon blacks were mixed in a SBR formulation. The acquired data were statistically analyzed, and a linear multiple regression model was developed to relate rubber properties (responses), such as static modulus, complex dynamic modulus, hysteresis, and viscosity to the key carbon black characteristics (variables) of surface area, structure, aggregate size distribution, and surface activity. Prediction profiles created from the model demonstrate rubber performance limits for the range of carbon blacks tested, and indicate the niches to provide required combinations of the rubber properties.

TOWARD REPLACEMENT OF PETROLEUM OILS BY MODIFIED SOYBEAN OILS IN ELASTOMERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxi Li ◽  
Avraam I. Isayev ◽  
Xiaofeng Ren ◽  
Mark D. Soucek
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Modified Soybean Oil ◽  
Tan Δ

ABSTRACT Precipitated silica- and carbon black (CB)-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds and vulcanizates containing naphthenic oil (NO), soybean oil (SO), and modified soybean oil (MSO) were studied. Gel fraction; crosslink density; bound rubber fraction; curing behavior; and thermal, mechanical, and dynamic properties were compared. Interaction between SO, MSO, and silane coupling agent was also studied. It was shown that the incorporation of SO and MSO had similar effects in both silica- and CB-filled SBR compounds and vulcanizates. SO and MSO were found to consume curatives leading to a lower crosslink density and improved thermal stability of compounds and vulcanizates. In comparison with NO, MSO was found to increase the elongation at break and tensile strength, and the values of tan δ at 10 °C and 60 °C predict an increase of the wet traction performance and the rolling resistance to decrease the modulus and abrasion resistance. After adjusting the recipe, the modulus and abrasion resistance of the silica- and CB-filled SBR/MSO vulcanizates were tremendously increased, and the silica-filled SBR/MSO vulcanizates exhibited a better wet traction performance, a lower rolling resistance, and a better abrasion resistance simultaneously than the silica-filled SBR/NO vulcanizate.

scholarly journals Effects of Blend Ratio and SBR Type on Properties of Carbon Black-Filled and Silica-Filled SBR/BR Tire Tread Compounds

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pongdhorn Sae-oui ◽  
Krisda Suchiva ◽  
Chakrit Sirisinha ◽  
Wenussarin Intiya ◽  
Pram Yodjun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Blend Ratio ◽  
Wet Grip ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

This work aimed at investigating the effects of blend ratio between styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR) and SBR type (E-SBR and S-SBR) on properties of SBR/BR tire tread compounds. Influences of these parameters on properties of the tread compounds reinforced by 80 parts per hundred rubber (phr) of carbon black (CB) and silica were also compared. Results reveal that hardness, strengths, and wet grip efficiency were impaired whereas rolling resistance was improved with increasing BR proportion. Surprisingly, the presence of BR imparted poorer abrasion resistance in most systems, except for the CB-filled E-SBR system in which an enhanced abrasion resistance was observed. Obviously, S-SBR gave superior properties (tire performance) compared to E-SBR, particularly obvious in the silica-filled system. Compared with CB, silica gave comparable strengths, better wet grip efficiency, and lower rolling resistance. Carbon black, however, offered greater abrasion resistance than silica.

Tire tread rubber compounds with ternary system filler based on carbon black, silica, and metakaolin: Contribution of silica/metakaolin content on the final properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 712-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cléverson Fernandes Senra Gabriel ◽  
Alessandra de Alencar Padua Gabino ◽  
Ana Maria Furtado de Sousa ◽  
Cristina Russi Guimarães Furtado ◽  
Regina Célia Reis Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Lower Heat ◽  
Tread Rubber ◽  
Heat Buildup

Carbon black and high performance silica have been widely employed as binary system filler in tire tread formulations. This study evaluated the total and partial substitution of silica by metakaolin (MK) on the properties of tread rubber composites. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and abrasion tests were conducted as typical assessments of tire tread performance: rolling resistance (fuel consumption), wet traction (safety), and abrasion (durability). Further the energy spent by the equipment during the processing of formulations was also analyzed, as well as rheological and mechanical properties. A significant reduction of rolling resistance was obtained with 75% and 100% of silica substitution by MK, which could lead to lower heat buildup in tire tread applications, without showing negative effects on wet traction, although abrasion showed undesired results. The substitution of silica by MK also lowered energy demanded for processing. No major changes were observed in vulcanization parameters and mechanical properties, which is interesting considering the fact that MK is nonreinforce filler.

Silica Properties/Rubber Performance Correlation. Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds

1994 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Okel ◽  
Walter H. Waddell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
The Road ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
As Stress

Abstract The effectiveness of predicting rubber performance based on measured silica physical properties in silica- and carbon black-filled compounds is presented for three rubber formulations: an off-the-road tire tread, a wire coat stock and a V-belt. Correlation and regression analyses were performed using SAS software for sixteen physical properties of thirteen precipitated silicas, and sixteen rubber compound performance characteristics of the three compounds. Silica physical properties studied include various measurements of surface area and structure, particle size, pH and impurities. Rubber performance characteristics studied include cure properties and physical properties such as stress/strain, tear strength, cut growth resistance, abrasion resistance and heat build-up. The present study confirms that silica surface area is the single best predictor of the effect that varying silica physical properties have on the physical performance of cured, carbon black-filled rubber compounds containing precipitated silica. Silica structure, as measured by DBP absorption and nitrogen or mercury pore volume, is a secondary predictor of certain rubber physical properties. The confidence limits of the predictions is dependent upon the concentration of precipitated silica used in the carbon black-filled rubber compound.

Esso Energy Award Lecture, 1984 - A new tyre polymer improving fuel economy and safety

1985 ◽  
Vol 399 (1816) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Vehicle Testing ◽  
Wet Grip ◽  
New Hypothesis ◽  
Tyre Industry

A new philosophy, relating to both rolling resistance (fuel consumption) and wet grip (safety), has been developed, based on measurements of the dynamic properties of tread compounds in the laboratory under conditions approaching those existing at the tyre-road surface interface under both rolling and wet sliding conditions. The generally accepted wet grip theories used throughout the tyre industry lead to the conclusion that when wet grip is improved, there is an increase in rolling resistance. The new philosophy enabled a tailor-made polymer to be developed that broke away from convention and gave a reduced rolling resistance while improving wet grip. Extensive laboratory and vehicle testing was performed on tyres made with the new polymer, to verify the new hypothesis and to ensure that the polymer was a commercial proposition before it was officially announced and introduced into commercial tyres during late 1981.

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