scholarly journals Proximity to Major Roadways is a Risk Factor for Airway Hyper-Responsiveness in Adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Riley ◽  
Julie Wallace ◽  
Parameswaran Nair
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Airflow Obstruction ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Asthmatic Patients ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Adult Asthmatic ◽  
The City

BACKGROUND: Proximity to major roads is reported to be associated with asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness in children. Similar studies using objective measurements in adults are not available in Canada.OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that adult asthmatic patients who live close to major roads and highways in an urban environment are at a risk of moderate to severe airway hyper-responsiveness.METHODS: Airway responsiveness was determined using methacholine bronchial provocation (PC20) tests in a cohort of 2625 patients who attended an outpatient clinic in Hamilton, Ontario. Patient addresses were geocoded in a geographic information system to determine proximity to major roads and highways. Multivariate linear and multinomial regression analyses were used to assess whether proximity to roads was a risk factor for airway hyper-responsiveness as measured by PC20methacholine.RESULTS: Patients who lived within 200 m of a major road had increased odds (OR 1.38 [95% CI 1.04 to 1.85]) of having moderate airway hyper-responsiveness (0.25 mg/mL <PC20<2.0 mg/mL) compared with having a normal response (PC20>16 mg/mL). Spatial analysis also revealed that the majority of patients with severe airway hyper-responsiveness lived within the urban core of the city while those with moderate to mild hyper-responsiveness were also dispersed in rural areas.CONCLUSIONS: In an adult population of patients attending an outpatient respiratory clinic in Hamilton, living close to major roadways was associated with an increased risk of moderate airway hyper-responsiveness. This correlation suggests that exposure to traffic emissions may provoke the pathology of airway hyper-responsiveness leading to variable airflow obstruction.

Age and sex epidemiology of obesity

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Larisa V Menshikova ◽  
Evgenia B Babanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The City ◽  
Age And Sex

BACKGROUND. Obesity by prevalence is equated to non-infectious epidemic. Conduction of epidemiological studies in different regions allows to assess the scale of the problem, to form and implement a program aimed at reducing this risk factor. AIM. To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population of the city of Irkutsk depending on gender and age. MATHERIALS AND METHODS. The data of the survey of a representative sample of the adult population of Irkutsk, consisting of 3510 people, are analyzed. Based on the calculated BMI, a group of respondents with an overweight and obesity was identified. RESULTS. The average age of respondents with a BMI over 25 kg/m2 was higher than average age in the population – 48 and 40 years. The prevalence of BMI over 25 kg/m2 was diagnosed in 1551 respondents (44,2%): women 47.2% of men and 40.3% of the. Overweight was found in 27.8 %, obesity at 16.4%. While being overweight were more often registered in men, 29.8% and 26.2% and obesity in women is 21% and 10.5%. CONCLUSIONS. In the adult population of Irkutsk, we found a significant prevalence of overweight and obesity and determined its sex and age characteristics.

scholarly journals A multi-year assessment of blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) population establishment and Lyme disease risk areas in Ottawa, Canada, 2017-2019

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246484
Author(s):  
Holly Burrows ◽  
Benoit Talbot ◽  
Roman McKay ◽  
Andreea Slatculescu ◽  
James Logan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Ottawa River ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
The Face ◽  
Population Establishment ◽  
The City

Canadians face an emerging threat of Lyme disease due to the northward expansion of the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. We evaluated the degree of I. scapularis population establishment and Borrelia burgdorferi occurrence in the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada from 2017–2019 using active surveillance at 28 sites. We used a field indicator tool developed by Clow et al. to determine the risk of I. scapularis establishment for each tick cohort at each site using the results of drag sampling. Based on results obtained with the field indicator tool, we assigned each site an ecological classification describing the pattern of tick colonization over two successive cohorts (cohort 1 was comprised of ticks collected in fall 2017 and spring 2018, and cohort 2 was collected in fall 2018 and spring 2019). Total annual site-specific I. scapularis density ranged from 0 to 16.3 ticks per person-hour. Sites with the highest density were located within the Greenbelt zone, in the suburban/rural areas in the western portion of the city of Ottawa, and along the Ottawa River; the lowest densities occurred at sites in the suburban/urban core. B. burgdorferi infection rates exhibited a similar spatial distribution pattern. Of the 23 sites for which data for two tick cohorts were available, 11 sites were classified as “high-stable”, 4 were classified as “emerging”, 2 were classified as “low-stable”, and 6 were classified as “non-zero”. B. burgdorferi-infected ticks were found at all high-stable sites, and at one emerging site. These findings suggest that high-stable sites pose a risk of Lyme disease exposure to the community as they have reproducing tick populations with consistent levels of B. burgdorferi infection. Continued surveillance for I. scapularis, B. burgdorferi, and range expansion of other tick species and emerging tick-borne pathogens is important to identify areas posing a high risk for human exposure to tick-borne pathogens in the face of ongoing climate change and urban expansion.

scholarly journals General and abdominal obesity in adults living in a rural area in Southern Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 7s ◽  
Author(s):  
Thais Martins-Silva ◽  
Christian Loret de Mola ◽  
Juliana Dos Santos Vaz ◽  
Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
General Obesity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity and the concomitant presence of both outcomes and their determinants among adults living in a rural area. METHODS: This cross-sectional, population-based study was carried out in a medium-sized city in the southern region of Brazil. We evaluated three outcomes: general obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m²), abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 102 cm and ≥ 88 cm in men and women, respectively), and concomitant obesities, classified as: no risk, only one risk factor, and aggregate factors. We performed crude and adjusted Poisson regression analyses for each obesity outcome and multinomial logistic regression for metabolic risk. We considered demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as independent variables. RESULTS: A total of 1,433 individuals were included in the study. Of them, 29.5% presented general obesity and 37.8% presented abdominal obesity. We observed the presence of a risk factor in 15.8% of the sample, while 25.8% presented aggregate factors. The risk of general and abdominal obesity and concomitant outcomes increased significantly with age in both sexes. Richer men were at increased risk for general obesity (PR = 1.7; 95%CI 1.0–2.9), abdominal obesity (PR = 1.8; 95%CI 1.1–2.9), and aggregate factors (OR = 1.9; 95%CI 1.4–5.8). An education level of twelve years or more was a protective factor for women in relation to abdominal obesity (PR = 0.4; 95%CI 0.2–0.8) and aggregate factors (OR = 0.2; 95%CI 0.05–0.7). Rural activity reduced the risk of general obesity (PR = 0.6; 95%CI 0.5–0.8) and aggregate factors (OR = 0.5; 95%CI 0.3–0.8) in women, and the risk of abdominal obesity (PR = 0.6; 95%CI 0.5–0.8) and presence of a risk factor (OR = 0.5; 95%CI 0.3–0.7) in men. Skin color and time lived in rural areas were not statistically associated with the outcomes studied. CONCLUSIONS: We observed high prevalences of general and abdominal obesity in this population, which is consistent with the values found in urban populations. However, rural activities were a protective factor for obesity outcomes

scholarly journals Age and sex epidemiology of obesity

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa V. Menshikova ◽  
Evgenia B. Babanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The City ◽  
Age And Sex

Background. Obesity by prevalence is equated to non-infectious epidemic. Conduction of epidemiological studies in different regions allows to assess the scale of the problem, to form and implement a program aimed at reducing this risk factor. Aim. To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population of the city of Irkutsk depending on gender and age. Matherials and methods. The data of the survey of a representative sample of the adult population of Irkutsk, consisting of 3510 people, are analyzed. Based on the calculated BMI, a group of respondents with an overweight and obesity was identified. Results. The average age of respondents with a BMI over 25 kg/m2 was higher than average age in the population 48 and 40 years. The prevalence of BMI over 25 kg/m2 was diagnosed in 1551 respondents (44,2%): women 47.2% of men and 40.3% of the. Overweight was found in 27.8 %, obesity at 16.4%. While being overweight were more often registered in men, 29.8% and 26.2% and obesity in women is 21% and 10.5%. Conclusions. In the adult population of Irkutsk, we found a significant prevalence of overweight and obesity and determined its sex and age characteristics.

scholarly journals DYNAMIC CHANGES OF IN INCIDENCE OF IXODES TICK BITE CASES IN ADULT POPULATION OF VINNITSA REGION, UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
V. Panko ◽  
Z. Boiarska ◽  
I. Berezovskiy ◽  
S. Mushit
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Tick Bite ◽  
City Hospital ◽  
Tick Bites ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Ixodes Ticks ◽  
Prevention Methods ◽  
The City ◽  
State Regional

Not all ticks carry dangerous pathogens, but their bites can threaten humans with diseases such as Ixodes tick-borne borreliosis (Lyme disease), Miyamoto disease, tick-borne viral encephalitis and about 150 other nosological entities. The season of life activity of Ixodes ticks begins in March and usually lasts until November and has two pronounced seasonal peaks during the year: over April – May and August – September. The relevance of the investigation is determined by the lack of the information on the incidence of tick bite cases among the population in Ukraine, and there no well elaborated sets of measures in order to prevent this problem. The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed analysis of the incidence of Ixodes tick bite cases among the adult population in the Vinnytsia region and in the city of Vinnytsia, to compare the number of detected cases for the period from 2013 to 2018, and to identify the most reliable and available prevention methods. The research was conducted at the laboratory of the municipal non-profit enterprise "Vinnytsia City Hospital G1" (KNP "VMKL"); statistical data were provided by the State Regional Sanitary and Epidemiological Station. We compared the prevalence of the disease in different districts of the Vinnytsia region and its insidence for the period from 2013 to 2018. During this period, the number of detected cases of tick bites resulted in the occurrence of various dangerous diseases went up from 53 to 317 cases among the entire adult population of the Vinnytsia region. For all years except 2018, the highest incidence rate was consistently observed in the Mogilev-Podilsk district district, even exceeding the level in more densely populated and large areas. Over the period from 2013 to 2018, the number of detected cases of tick bites in the adult population that resulted in various dangerous diseases rapidly and significantly increased. This necessitates to elaborate the set of preventive measures and to educate the population of all ages. Much attention should be paid to promoting vaccination as the only reliable way and the development of sanitary and hygienic recommendations for residents of municipal and rural areas (in the spring and summer).

scholarly journals Discharge Considerations for Adult Asthmatic Patients Treated in Emergency Departments

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 322-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton F Grunfeld ◽  
J Mark FitzGerald
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Emergency Departments ◽  
English Language ◽  
Acute Asthma ◽  
Airflow Obstruction ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Asthmatic Patients ◽  
Adult Asthmatic

OBJECTIVE:To review the medical literature on outcome of treatment of acute asthma in the emergency department and issue recommendations regarding patient admission or discharge.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search was done for articles in the English language on acute asthma and treatment in the emergency department for the years 1975 to 1993. In addition, references in pertinent review articles were reviewed.STUDY SELECTION:Studies addressing treatment of acute asthma in emergency departments were selected by consensus.DATA SYNTHESIS:Three major areas have been shown to affect outcome and the decision to admit or discharge a patient following treatment in the emergency department: first, the severity of the attack and the response to therapy; second, historical risk factors; and third, care following discharge from the emergency department. This paper reviews the literature on outcome of acute asthma attacks and issues recommendations regarding objective airflow measurements and co-existing risk factors to be assessed before discharging patients. The role of anti-inflammatory therapy in emergency department treatment and in postdischarge treatment of these patients is also reviewed.CONCLUSION:Evaluation for discharge following treatment of acute asthma should integrate objective measures of airflow obstruction with historical high risk factors. The use of systemic corticosteroids in the emergency department and following discharge, with careful follow-up, may help control the attack and reduce relapse of asthma.

Physical Illness and Suicide Risk in Rural Residents of Contemporary China

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 330-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cun-Xian Jia ◽  
Lin-Lin Wang ◽  
Ai-Qiang Xu ◽  
Ai-Ying Dai ◽  
Ping Qin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Population

Background: Physical illness is linked with an increased risk of suicide; however, evidence from China is limited. Aims: To assess the influence of physical illness on risk of suicide among rural residents of China, and to examine the differences in the characteristics of people completing suicide with physical illness from those without physical illness. Method: In all, 200 suicide cases and 200 control subjects, 1:1 pair-matched on sex and age, were included from 25 townships of three randomly selected counties in Shandong Province, China. One informant for each suicide or control subject was interviewed to collect data on the physical health condition and psychological and sociodemographic status. Results: The prevalence of physical illness in suicide cases (63.0%) was significantly higher than that in paired controls (41.0%; χ2 = 19.39, p < .001). Compared with suicide cases without physical illness, people who were physically ill and completed suicide were generally older, less educated, had lower family income, and reported a mental disorder less often. Physical illness denoted a significant risk factor for suicide with an associated odds ratio of 3.23 (95% CI: 1.85–5.62) after adjusted for important covariates. The elevated risk of suicide increased progressively with the number of comorbid illnesses. Cancer, stroke, and a group of illnesses comprising dementia, hemiplegia, and encephalatrophy had a particularly strong effect among the commonly reported diagnoses in this study population. Conclusion: Physical illness is an important risk factor for suicide in rural residents of China. Efforts for suicide prevention are needed and should be integrated with national strategies of health care in rural China.

ASSOCIATION OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS WITH DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN LESS THAN FIVE YEARS: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE INDICATOR CLUSTER SURVEY SINDH 2014

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Syed Mustansir Hussain Zaidi ◽  
Hira Fatima Waseem
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Cluster Survey ◽  
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
Mother Education ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Background: Diarrhea founds to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children less than five years. Various factors are associated with diarrhea but socio-demographic factors are the main key elements, which associated with diarrhea. Methods: This study was examined association of socio-demographic factors with diarrhea in children less than five years of age of Sindh, Pakistan, using data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted from January 2014 to August 2014. Data were collected for 18,108 children in whom 16,449 children had complete data of demographic variables being included in the analysis. Bivariate analysis was done using Pearson's Chi square test and multivariate analysis being done using binary logistic regression. Results: We found increased risk of diarrhea among children lives in rural areas while household wealth index quintile was also associated with diarrhea. Children in the poor, middle and fourth wealth index quintiles being at increased risk of diarrhea compared to children in the richest wealth index quintile. The highest risk of diarrhea was found for the child having mother with no education as well as children aged 12-23 months. Conclusion: Age of child, mother education and wealth index found significant with diarrhea while Male children, child aged 12-23 months, child with no mother education, child from rural areas and child from poor households found with high risk of diarrhea.

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