scholarly journals Diversity of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated withEucalyptusin Africa and Madagascar

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Ducousso ◽  
Robin Duponnois ◽  
Daniel Thoen ◽  
Yves Prin
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Putative Origin ◽  
Original Field ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Species Being

Use of the Australian genusEucalyptusin short rotation plantations in Africa and Madagascar has developed over the last century to such an extent that it is becoming the most frequently planted genus in Africa. In order to find ecologically well-adapted eucalypts, foresters have tested different species of various origins and the number of testedEucalyptusspecies now exceeds 150 in Africa. Due to the ability of eucalypts to naturally form ectomycorrhizae, even in the absence of any controlled introduction of compatible ectomycorrhizal fungal partners, their introduction in new ecosystems has direct consequences for ectomycorrhizal fungus communities. A bibliographical compilation, together with original field observations on putative ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with eucalypts in Africa and in Madagascar, has been drawn up in two lists: one for Africa and one for Madagascar where surprisingly high fungal diversity was observed. The level of diversity, the putative origin of the fungi, and their potential impact on native ectomycorrhizal fungi are discussed. The development of eucalypts plantations will inexorably lead to the increase of exotic fungal species being potentially invasive in the considered region.

scholarly journals Gut passage of epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungi by two opportunistic mycophagous rodents

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Citlalli Castillo-Guevara ◽  
Josette Sierra ◽  
Gema Galindo-Flores ◽  
Mariana Cuautle ◽  
Carlos Lara
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Deer Mouse ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Small Rodents

Abstract Mycophagists can influence fungal diversity within their home ranges by ensuring the continued and effective dispersal of spores from one site to another. However, the passage of spores through the digestive tract of vertebrates can affect the activity and viability of the spores ingested. This phenomenon has been rarely documented in opportunistic mycophagists consuming epigeous fungi. Using laboratory experiments, we investigated the activity and viability of spores of two epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungal species (Laccaria trichodermophora and Suillus tomentosus) after passage through the digestive tract of two opportunistic mycophagous small rodents, the volcano mouse Peromyscus alstoni and the deer mouse P. maniculatus. We found that passage through the gut of either species of rodent had a significant effect on spore activity and viability for both fungal species. The proportion of active spores (0.37–0.40) of L. trichodermophora in the feces of both species of rodents was less than that recorded for the control (0.82). However, the proportion of active spores (0.64–0.73) of S. tomentosus in the feces of each species of rodent was higher than in the control (0.40). On the other hand, the viability of spores was lower (0.26–0.30 in L. trichodermophora and 0.60–0.69 in S. tomentosus) for both fungi when consumed by either rodent relative to the controls (0.90 in L. trichodermophora and 0.82 in S. tomentosus). These findings suggest that these rodent species may be effective dispersers of both epigeous fungi.

scholarly journals Microbial Communities, Metabolites, Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability of Whole-Plant Corn Silage Collected from Family Farms in Desert Steppe of North China

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Lin Sun ◽  
Haiwen Xu ◽  
Na Na ◽  
Guomei Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
North China ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Lactobacillus Kefiri

Whole-plant corn silages on family farms were sampled in Erdos (S1), Baotou (S2), Ulanqab (S3), and Hohhot (S4) in North China, after 300 d of ensiling. The microbial communities, metabolites, and aerobic stability were assessed. Lactobacillusbuchneri, Acinetobacter johnsonii, and unclassified Novosphingobium were present at greater abundances than others in S2 with greater bacterial diversity and metabolites. Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus parafarraginis, Lactobacillus kefiri, and unclassified Lactobacillus accounted for 84.5%, and 88.2%, and 98.3% of bacteria in S1, S3, and S4, respectively. The aerobic stability and fungal diversity were greater in S1 and S4 with greater abundances of unclassified Kazachstania, Kazachstania bulderi, Candida xylopsoci, unclassified Cladosporium, Rhizopus microspores, and Candida glabrata than other fungi. The abundances of unclassified Kazachstania in S2 and K. bulderi in S3 were 96.2% and 93.6%, respectively. The main bacterial species in S2 were L. buchneri, A. johnsonii, and unclassified Novosphingobium; Lactobacillus sp. dominated bacterial communities in S1, S3, and S4. The main fungal species in S1 and S4 were unclassified Kazachstania, K. bulderi, C. xylopsoci, unclassified Cladosporium, R. microspores, and C. glabrata; Kazachstania sp. dominated fungal communities in S2 and S3. The high bacterial diversity aided the accumulation of metabolites, and the broad fungal diversity improved the aerobic stability.

scholarly journals Metallothionein-like peptides involved in sequestration of Zn in the Zn-accumulating ectomycorrhizal fungus Russula atropurpurea

Metallomics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 1693-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Leonhardt ◽  
Jan Sácký ◽  
Pavel Šimek ◽  
Jiří Šantrůček ◽  
Pavel Kotrba
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Binding Peptides ◽  
Russula Atropurpurea

The first evidence of the existence of gene-encoded Zn-binding peptides that sequester a substantial portion of intracellular Zn in ectomycorrhizal fungi under natural conditions.

scholarly journals Cadmium-Responsive Thiols in the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Paxillus involutus

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 7413-7417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Courbot ◽  
Laurent Diez ◽  
Roberta Ruotolo ◽  
Michel Chalot ◽  
Pierre Leroy
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Metal Tolerance ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Paxillus Involutus ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Method

ABSTRACT Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the sustained metal tolerance of ectomycorrhizal fungi are largely unknown. Some of the main mechanisms involved in metal detoxification appear to involve the chelation of metal ions in the cytosol with thiol-containing compounds, such as glutathione, phytochelatins, or metallothioneins. We used an improved high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous measurement of thiol-containing compounds from cysteine and its derivatives (γ-glutamylcysteine, glutathione) to higher-molecular-mass compounds (phytochelatins). We found that glutathione and γ-glutamylcysteine contents increased when the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus was exposed to cadmium. An additional compound with a 3-kDa molecular mass, most probably related to a metallothionein, increased drastically in mycelia exposed to cadmium. The relative lack of phytochelatins and the presence of a putative metallothionein suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungi may use a different means to tolerate heavy metals, such as Cd, than do their plant hosts.

scholarly journals Different Amplicon Targets for Sequencing-Based Studies of Fungal Diversity

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca De Filippis ◽  
Manolo Laiola ◽  
Giuseppe Blaiotta ◽  
Danilo Ercolini
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Mock Community

ABSTRACT Target-gene amplicon sequencing is the most exploited high-throughput sequencing application in microbial ecology. The targets are taxonomically relevant genes, with 16S rRNA being the gold standard for bacteria. As for fungi, the most commonly used target is the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). However, the uneven ITS length among species may promote preferential amplification and sequencing and incorrect estimation of their abundance. Therefore, the use of different targets is desirable. We evaluated the use of three different target amplicons for the characterization of fungal diversity. After an in silico primer evaluation, we compared three amplicons (the ITS1-ITS2 region [ITS1-2], 18S ribosomal small subunit RNA, and the D1/D2 domain of the 26S ribosomal large subunit RNA), using biological samples and a mock community of common fungal species. All three targets allowed for accurate identification of the species present. Nevertheless, high heterogeneity in ITS1-2 length was found, and this caused an overestimation of the abundance of species with a shorter ITS, while both 18S and 26S amplicons allowed for more reliable quantification. We demonstrated that ITS1-2 amplicon sequencing, although widely used, may lead to an incorrect evaluation of fungal communities, and efforts should be made to promote the use of different targets in sequencing-based microbial ecology studies. IMPORTANCE Amplicon-sequencing approaches for fungi may rely on different targets affecting the diversity and abundance of the fungal species. An increasing number of studies will address fungal diversity by high-throughput amplicon sequencing. The description of the communities must be accurate and reliable in order to draw useful insights and to address both ecological and biological questions. By analyzing a mock community and several biological samples, we demonstrate that using different amplicon targets may change the results of fungal microbiota analysis, and we highlight how a careful choice of the target is fundamental for a thorough description of the fungal communities.

scholarly journals Alternaria spp. IN FOODS: MYCOTOXINS, CELLULAR DAMAGE AND POSSIBLE HEALTH RISK

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
F. P. de ANDRADE JUNIOR ◽  
T. W. B. ALVES ◽  
M. H. P. de LIRA ◽  
M. E. da S. MENEZES ◽  
I. O. LIMA
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Teratogenic Action ◽  
Species Being

The genus Alternaria is composed of filamentous, dematiaceous, saprophytic and pathogenic fungal species, being responsible for great economic losses during the harvest and food storage. The present study aimed to do a bibliographical survey about the main foods contaminated by Alternaria spp. as well as discuss possible health risks arising from cell damage caused by mycotoxins. It is a literature narrative type review, carried out using Medline/Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo and Science Direct databases, utilizing documents published between years 2000 and 2017 approaching food contamination by Alternaria spp. A wide diversity of foods contaminated by species of the genus Alternaria was found in literature, with a greater emphasis on cereals, fruits and vegetables. This possible contamination may favor the development of mycotoxins that in their great majority present genotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, cytotoxic and teratogenic action. However, due to a large variety of contaminated foods, that is a necessity to adapt Brazilian legislation regarding parameters that impose limits on the amount of mycotoxins produced by Alternaria spp. since the national legislation does not encompass limits for all types of toxins that this genus is capable of producing.

scholarly journals Ericoid mycorrhizal diversity increases with soil age and progressive phosphorus limitation across a 4.1 million-year chronosequence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin R. Leopold ◽  
Kabir G. Peay ◽  
Peter M. Vitousek ◽  
Tadashi Fukami
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Nutrient Limitation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Phosphorus Limitation ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Age

AbstractEricaceous plants rely on ericoid mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient acquisition. However, the factors that affect the composition and structure of these fungal communities remain largely unknown. Here, we use a 4.1-myr soil chronosequence in Hawaii to test the hypothesis that changes in nutrient availability with soil age determine the diversity and species composition of fungi associated with ericoid roots. We sampled roots of a native Hawaiian plant, Vaccinium calycinum, and used DNA metabarcoding to quantify changes in fungal diversity and species composition. We also used a fertilization experiment at the youngest and oldest sites to assess the importance of nutrient limitation. We found an increase in diversity and a clear pattern of species turnover across the chronosequence, driven largely by putative ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. Fertilization with nitrogen at the youngest site and phosphorus at the oldest site reduced total fungal diversity, suggesting a direct role of nutrient limitation. Our results also reveal the presence of novel fungal species associated with Hawaiian Ericaceae and suggest a greater importance of phosphorus availability for communities of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi than is generally assumed.

scholarly journals Seed-Associated Fungal Diversity and the Molecular Identification of Fusarium with Potential Threat to Ginseng (Panax ginseng) in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Ming Guan ◽  
Jin Chao Deng ◽  
Ying Ying Ma ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
Ya Yu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Local Storage

The utility of traditional methods for detecting seed-borne fungi is limited by the fact some fungi are unculturable or difficult to isolate. The seed-borne pathogens affecting Panax ginseng cultivation have not been fully characterized. Seed-borne fungi can be identified based on the high-throughput sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicons. A hierarchical clustering tree diagram analysis based on operational taxonomic units revealed a relationship between the seed-borne fungi and the region from which the seeds were collected. This study analyzed the fungal diversity on 30 ginseng seed samples from the main ginseng-producing areas of China. The 50 most abundant genera were identified including those responsible for ginseng diseases, Fusarium, Alternaria, Nectria, Coniothyrium, Verticillium, Phoma, and Rhizoctonia. Fusarium species, which are the primary causes of root rot, were detected in all seed samples. The results of a phylogenetic analysis indicated that the seed-borne fungal species originating from the same region were closely related. Fungi on ginseng seeds from eight different regions were divided into eight clades, suggesting they were correlated with the local storage medium. A total of 518 Fusarium isolates were obtained and 10 species identified, all of which can be detrimental to ginseng production. Pathogenicity tests proved that seed-borne Fusarium species can infect ginseng seedlings and 2-year-old ginseng root, with potentially adverse effects on ginseng yield and quality.

scholarly journals The Influence of Microfungi on the Mycelial Growth of Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Tricholoma matsutake

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Yoon Oh ◽  
Myung Soo Park ◽  
Young Woon Lim
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Tricholoma Matsutake ◽  
Forest Nursery ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Fungal Isolates

Pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) is one of the most valued ectomycorrhizal fungi in Asia because of its unique pine-like aroma; however, due to exceptionally slow growth of its mycelia in artificial conditions, its cultivation has been largely deemed as not possible. Previous studies have shown that some bacteria and a few Trichoderma species associated with pine mushroom promoted the growth of T. matsutake isolate, but this effect is relatively unexplored. In this study, we investigated the diversity of microfungi in the fairy ring of T. matsutake and their effect on the growth of T. matsutake isolate. From 184 fungal isolates, 28 species were identified based on suitable molecular markers. Penicillium was most frequently observed (16 species), followed by Trichoderma (4 species). Five Zygomycota species showed a high promoting effect on the growth of T. matsutake while the effects of ascomycetes were mixed. The microfungi that promote the growth of T. matsutake can be useful for forest nursery and artificial cultivation of T. matsutake.

Small-scale spatial variability in the distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi affects plant performance and fungal diversity

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1192-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stav Livne-Luzon ◽  
Ofer Ovadia ◽  
Gil Weber ◽  
Yael Avidan ◽  
Hen Migael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Small Scale
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