scholarly journals The Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of Stroke in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK, and the US: A Literature Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younan Zhang ◽  
Ann-Marie Chapman ◽  
Melanie Plested ◽  
Daniel Jackson ◽  
Francisco Purroy
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Online Sources ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Incidence Prevalence

Background. Although the burden of stroke in terms of mortality and disability has been well documented in previous years, data after 2000 are limited. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to identify the epidemiology of stroke in the US and EU5 nations from data published in 2000 and later.Methods. Data from literature databases and online sources were collated to identify information relating to the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of stroke from the year 2000 onwards.Results and Conclusions. Twenty-three data sources were identified. The incidence of and mortality due to stroke both increase with age and are greater in males compared to females. Stroke is a common problem and likely to worsen in the US and EU5 as their populations age. However, pre-2000 trends of decreasing stroke mortality over time have continued after 2000, reflecting a consistent improvement in the treatment and care of patients with stroke.

UK Fiscal Squeezes over a Century

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Hood ◽  
Rozana Himaz
Keyword(s):  
Data Sources ◽  
Fiscal Consolidation ◽  
Financial Outcomes ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
Deficit Reduction ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Spending Cuts ◽  
Over Time

This chapter draws on historical statistics reporting financial outcomes for spending, taxation, debt, and deficit for the UK over a century to (a) identify quantitatively and compare the main fiscal squeeze episodes (i.e. major revenue increases, spending cuts, or both) in terms of type (soft squeezes and hard squeezes, spending squeezes, and revenue squeezes), depth, and length; (b) compare these periods of austerity against measures of fiscal consolidation in terms of deficit reduction; and (c) identify economic and financial conditions before and after the various squeezes. It explores the extent to which the identification of squeeze episodes and their classification is sensitive to which thresholds are set and what data sources are used. The chapter identifies major changes over time that emerge from this analysis over the changing depth and types of squeeze.

Labor Supply and the Extensive Margin

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Blundell ◽  
Antoine Bozio ◽  
Guy Laroque
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Extensive And Intensive Margins ◽  
The Us ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Over Time

In this paper we propose a systematic way of examining the importance of the extensive and the intensive margins of labor supply in order to explain the overall movements in total hours of work over time. We show how informative bounds can be developed on each of these margins. We apply this analysis to the evolution of hours of work in the US, the UK, and France and show that both the extensive and intensive margins matter in explaining changes in total hours.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL)

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 5831-5831
Author(s):  
Keri Keri Yang ◽  
Eleanor Lucas ◽  
Beth Lesher ◽  
Tony Caver ◽  
Boxiong Tang
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Room ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
The Us ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Epidemiology Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Humanistic Burden ◽  
Related Mortality

Introduction: MCL is a rare, aggressive subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with a poor prognosis. A comprehensive understanding of the global epidemiology and economic and humanistic burden of MCL is needed to quantify the burden of disease in patients with MCL. Objective/Methods: To examine the burden of MCL, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify publications between the years 2010 to 2019 reporting on the epidemiology (incidence, prevalence, mortality, survival), economic (direct [e.g., drug costs] and indirect [e.g., lost productivity, missed days of work] costs and healthcare resource utilization [HRU; e.g., hospitalization, length of stay, emergency room use, outpatient visits]) and humanistic (e.g., quality of life [QOL], patient-reported outcome measures) burden of patients with MCL. Embase and Medline were searched via ProQuest and the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Library. Results: A total of 2206 publications were identified, 177 full-text references screened, and 12 studies reporting epidemiology outcomes in MCL identified. Epidemiology data (1995-2016) were identified for the US (n = 5), UK (n = 2), Belgium (n = 1), France (n = 1), Netherlands (n = 1), Sweden/Denmark (n = 1), and Taiwan (n = 1). Incidence (n = 9) was lower in Taiwan (0.12 persons per 100,000) than in the US (0.8-1.15) and Europe (0.7-1.27). Six studies reported incidence over multiple time periods with 4 studies showing an increase in total incidence or incidence in men over time and 2 studies showing no change or a decrease in incidence in women over time. MCL prevalence was 3.0 per 100,000 persons in the UK (year 2011) and 3.6 per 100,000 persons in Belgium (year 2013). Mortality, reported in 1 US study, showed a consistent decrease from 1995-2013. Three-year all-cause mortality was 38% and MCL-related mortality 30%; 5-year all-cause mortality was 51% and MCL-related mortality 38%. Median overall survival (OS, n = 5) ranged from 28.8 (years 2004-2017; Europe) to 52.0 (years 1999-2013; US) months. Three-year OS (n = 2) was reported as 43.9% in the UK (2004-2017) and 61.0% in Sweden/Denmark (2006-2011). Increasing trends in survival over time were reported in 3 studies (US, Danish/Swedish, Netherlands; n = 1 each); increases in survival in the Netherlands were greatest in younger (age < 65 years) vs older patients (age ≥ 65 years). Twelve studies reported on the economic burden of MCL (Table). An increase in all costs and HRU, including outpatient encounters, emergency room visits, and days spent in the hospital, were found following vs pre MCL diagnosis. Length of hospital stays ranged from 3.0 to 8.3 days. All cause mean monthly costs for MCL patients were $5131 to $16,117 per patient month (PPM). Treatment cost varied with costs generally higher with chemoimmunotherapy and lower with targeted therapies. Adverse events (AEs) were associated with increased economic burden. Mean all-cause costs in patients with no AEs were $5131 PPM compared with $13,560 PPM in patients with ≥6 AEs. Patients experiencing 3-4 AEs during first-line therapy were almost 7-times more likely to require an inpatient admission than those experiencing only 1-2 AEs (OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 4.0-11.93). Patients with ≥6 AEs had inpatient stays lasting 2.2 days longer than those with no AEs. Common AE costs ranged from $5751 (atrial fibrillation) to $19,645 (hepatotoxicity). No studies reporting on indirect costs or the QOL impact of MCL or MCL treatment were identified. Conclusions: The increasing incidence and survival of patients with MCL along with the high costs of disease and treatment suggest an increasing economic burden. Though limited data are available on costs and HRU in populations with MCL and outcomes reported differed across studies, available data shows variability of costs among treatments influenced by AE costs. Some evidence suggests lower costs of therapy with targeted compared with chemoimmunotherapy regimens. The economic burden of MCL and MCL treatment on costs, beyond direct medical costs, needs to be quantified. Furthermore, the humanistic burden of MCL and impact on patient QOL warrants investigation. Additional epidemiology data are needed globally for MCL as well as the need for economic analyses that reflect the real-world treatment of patients with MCL. Disclosures Yang: BeiGene, Ltd.: Employment. Lucas:Pharmerit: Employment. Lesher:Pharmerit: Employment. Caver:BeiGene, Ltd.: Employment. Tang:BeiGene, Ltd.: Employment.

scholarly journals S gene dropout patterns in SARS-CoV-2 tests suggest spread of the H69del/V70del mutation in the US

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole L. Washington ◽  
Simon White ◽  
Kelly M. Schiabor Barrett ◽  
Elizabeth T. Cirulli ◽  
Alexandre Bolze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
S Gene ◽  
The Us ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Over Time

Recently, multiple novel strains of SARS-CoV-2 have been found to share the same deletion of amino acids H69 and V70 in the virus S gene. This includes strain B.1.1.7 / SARS-CoV-2 VUI 202012/01, which has been found to be more infectious than other strains of SARS-CoV-2, and its increasing presence has resulted in new lockdowns in and travel restrictions leaving the UK. Here, we analyze 2 million RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 tests performed at Helix to identify the rate of S gene dropout, which has been recently shown to occur in tests from individuals infected with strains of SARS-CoV-2 that carry the H69del/V70del mutation. We observe a rise in S gene dropout in the US starting in early October, with 0.25% of our daily SARS-CoV-2-positive tests exhibiting this pattern during the first week. The rate of positive samples with S gene dropout has grown slowly over time, with last week exhibiting the highest level yet, at 0.5%. Focusing on the 14 states for which we have sufficient sample size to assess the frequency of this rare event (n>1000 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples), we see a recent expansion in the Eastern part of the US, concentrated in MA, OH, and FL. However, we cannot say from these data whether the S gene dropout samples we observe here represent the B.1.1.7. strain. Only with an expansion of genomic surveillance sequencing in the US will we know for certain the prevalence of the B.1.1.7 strain in the US.

The Volatility of the Output Gap in the G7

2004 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Barell ◽  
Sylvia Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Output Gap ◽  
Output Volatility ◽  
Financial Wealth ◽  
Inflation Volatility ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Over Time

We investigate declining output volatility in the G7 since 1970 in a panel context, seeking to explain the causes of the decline. We show that there is a significant role for both net financial wealth and trade openness as well as inflation volatility, even though previous studies have ignored the fact that it may be endogenous and its role therefore spurious. However, its importance clearly varies over time and across countries, and it appears less important as an explanation of declining volatility in the US than it does in the UK. Changes in openness appear to be at least as important in explaining the decline in US output volatility.

scholarly journals Glancing at the past and course-setting for the future: lessons from the last decade of research on medication abortion in high-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annik M. Sorhaindo
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
High Income ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Medication Abortion ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Quality Evidence

Abstract Objective Although medication abortion has become more common in high-income countries, the procedure has not yet met early expectations for widening access to abortion. High-quality evidence can serve as a catalyst for changes in policy and practice. To direct research priorities, it is important to understand where quality evidence is concentrated and where gaps remain. High-income countries have developed a body of evidence that may have implications for the future of medication abortion. This literature review assesses the characteristics and quality of published studies on medication abortion conducted in the last 10 years in high-income countries and indicates future areas for research to advance policy and practice, and broaden access. Study design A structured search for literature resulted in 207 included studies. A framework based upon the World Health Organization definition of sub-tasks for medication abortion was developed to categorize research by recognized stages of the medication abortion process. Using an iterative and inductive approach, additional sub-themes were created under each of these categories. Established quality assessment frameworks were drawn upon to gauge the internal and external validity of the included research. Results Studies in the US and the UK have dominated research on MA in high-income countries. The political and social contexts of these countries will have shaped of this body of research. The past decade of research has focused largely on clinical aspects of medication abortion. Conclusion Researchers should consider refocusing energies toward testing service delivery approaches demonstrating promise and prioritizing research that has broader generalizability and relevance outside of narrow clinical contexts. Plain English summary Although medication abortion is more commonly available worldwide, it is not being used as often as people thought it would be, particularly in high income countries. In order to encourage changes in policy and practice that would allow greater use, we need good quality evidence. If we can understand where we do not have enough research and where we have good amounts of research, we can determine where to invest energies in further studies. Many high-income countries have produced research on medication abortion that could influence policy and practice in similarly resourced contexts. I conducted a literature review to be able to understand the type and quality of research on medication abortion conducted in high-income countries in the past 10 years. I conducted the review in an organized way to make sure that the papers reviewed discussed studies that I thought would be important for answering this question. The literature review found 207 papers. Each of these papers were reviewed and organized them by theme. I also used existing methods to determinine the quality of each study. Most of the research came from the US and the UK. Furthermore, most of the research conducted in the past 10 years was focused on clinical studies of medication abortion. In future studies, researchers should focus more on new ways of providing medication abortion to women that offers greater access. Also, the studies should be designed so that the results have meaning for a broader group of people or situations beyond where the study was done.

scholarly journals The challenge of measuring UK wealth inequality in the 2000s

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Facundo Alvaredo ◽  
Salvatore Morelli ◽  
Anthony B. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Earned Income ◽  
Personal Wealth ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
Over Time

The concentration of personal wealth is now receiving a great deal of attention - after having been neglected for many years. One reason is the growing recognition that, in seeking explanations for rising income inequality, we need to look not only at wages and earned income but also at income from capital, particularly at the top of the distribution. In this paper, we use evidence from existing data sources to attempt to answer three questions: (i) what is the share of total personal wealth that is owned by the top 1 per cent, or the top 0.1 per cent? (ii) is wealth much more unequally distributed than income? (iii) is the concentration of wealth at the top increasing over time? The main conclusion of the paper is that the evidence about the UK concentration of wealth post-2000 is seriously incomplete and significant investment in a variety of sources is necessary if we are to provide satisfactory answers to the three questions.

A review of Takotsubo (broken-heart) syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Holly Younger
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Coronary Artery Spasm ◽  
Takotsubo Syndrome ◽  
Broken Heart Syndrome ◽  
Definitive Answer ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Year 2000

Background/aims Approximately 2500 people each year in the UK are affected by Takotsubo syndrome. The syndrome is linked to stress and has a higher incidence in women. With a growing population, the number of cases is set to rise. This article examines risk factors and possible causes of Takotsubo syndrome, such as transient ischaemia, catecholamine levels, oestrogen levels and coronary artery spasm. Issues around accurate diagnosis and treatment options are also discussed. Methods A literature review was carried out using online databases such as CINAHL and BNI, incorporating international journals from the year 2000 onwards, to give a broad spectrum of information. Results It is clear from the literature review that Takotsubo syndrome is still widely misunderstood, which can lead to misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment. There are many theories as to the cause of Takotsubo syndrome, but no definitive answer. Conclusions Further research around Takotsubo syndrome is needed to minimise misdiagnosis. Further studies into ECG and troponin changes associated with Takotsubo syndrome may make it possible for Takotsubo syndrome to be diagnosed on admission and not mistaken for acute coronary syndrome.

A Literature Review on the Research of Circular Economy-Based Green MICE

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 1615-1619
Author(s):  
Zhao Xi Zeng ◽  
Bing Xue Song ◽  
Qin Tao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cyclic Utilization ◽  
National Environment ◽  
Future Task ◽  
The Uk

The circular economy is a mode of economic development centered on high efficient and cyclic utilization of resources, characterized by low input, high efficiency and low emission. “3R” is the most basic practical operating principle of circular economy. The circular economy integrates the cleaner production and the cyclic utilization of wastes. The green MICE has become one of the important industries of developing circular economy. Ping Hu (2006), Ming-Gui Sun (2006), Wei-Dong He (2009), etc. defined the green MICE respectively. As for the literature review on the researches of green MICE, the foreign scholars and countries focus on the construction of guides to the MICE (Meeting) and of ecological venues, such as Cathy Crisci (2009), the US “Meeting Industry Committee”(2003), Canada National Environment Research Council and Green Meeting Committee, Germany, the UK, France, etc. While in China, we focus on the research of green MICE’s development and approach of practice, such as Ming-Gui Sun & Hong-Yuan Zhang (2006), Cheng Yan (2007), Mei-Liang Cai (2008) and Wei-Dong He (2009), etc. Concluded from the literature review, the research of evaluation system of green MICE will be the future task.

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