scholarly journals Clot Formation in the Sipunculid WormThemiste petricola: A Haemostatic and Immune Cellular Response

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Lombardo ◽  
Guillermo A. Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clot Formation ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Fibrous Scaffold ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Clot Structure

Clot formation in the sipunculidThemiste petricola, a coelomate nonsegmented marine worm without a circulatory system, is a cellular response that creates a haemostatic mass upon activation with sea water. The mass with sealing properties is brought about by homotypic aggregation of granular leukocytes present in the coelomic fluid that undergo a rapid process of fusion and cell death forming a homogenous clot or mass. The clot structure appears to be stabilized by abundant F-actin that creates a fibrous scaffold retaining cell-derived components. Since preservation of fluid within the coelom is vital for the worm, clotting contributes to rapidly seal the body wall and entrap pathogens upon injury, creating a matrix where wound healing can take place in a second stage. During formation of the clot, microbes or small particles are entrapped. Phagocytosis of self and non-self particles shed from the clot occurs at the clot neighbourhood, demonstrating that clotting is the initial phase of a well-orchestrated dual haemostatic and immune cellular response.

Excretion of thiosulphate, the main detoxification product of sulphide, by the lugworm arenicola marina L

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (7) ◽  
pp. 855-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hauschild ◽  
W.M. Weber ◽  
W. Clauss ◽  
M.K. Grieshaber
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Arenicola Marina ◽  
Double Exponential ◽  
Electrophysiological Measurements ◽  
Double Exponential Function

Thiosulphate, the main sulphide detoxification product, is accumulated in the body fluids of the lugworm Arenicola marina. The aim of this study was to elucidate the fate of thiosulphate. Electrophysiological measurements revealed that the transepithelial resistance of body wall sections was 76+/−34 capomega cm2 (mean +/− s.d., N=14), indicating that the body wall of the lugworm is a leaky tissue in which mainly paracellular transport along cell junctions takes place. The body wall was equally permeable from both sides to thiosulphate, the permeability coefficient of which was 1. 31×10(−)3+/−0.37×10(−)3 cm h-1 (mean +/− s.d., N=30). No evidence was found for a significant contribution of the gills or the nephridia to thiosulphate permeation. Thiosulphate flux followed the concentration gradient, showing a linear correlation (r=0.997) between permeated and supplied (10–100 mmol l-1) thiosulphate. The permeability of thiosulphate was not sensitive to the presence of various metabolic inhibitors, implicating a permeation process independent of membrane proteins and showing that the lugworm does not need to use energy to dispose of the sulphide detoxification product. The present data suggest a passive permeation of thiosulphate across the body wall of A. marina. In live lugworms, thiosulphate levels in the coelomic fluid and body wall tissue decreased slowly and at similar rates during recovery from sulphide exposure. The decline in thiosulphate levels followed a decreasing double-exponential function. Thiosulphate was not further oxidized to sulphite or sulphate but was excreted into the sea water.

The Ligamentary System and the Segmental Musculature of Nephtys

1960 ◽  
Vol s3-101 (54) ◽  
pp. 149-176
Author(s):  
R. B. CLARK ◽  
M. E. CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Power Stroke ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Unusual Structure ◽  
Shock Absorbers ◽  
Proximal Half ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Body Wall Muscles ◽  
The Impact

Nephtys lacks circular body-wall muscles. The chief antagonists of the longitudinal muscles are the dorso-ventral muscles of the intersegmental body-wall. The worm is restrained from widening when either set of muscles contracts by the combined influence of the ligaments, some of the extrinsic parapodial muscles, and possibly, to a limited extent, by the septal muscles. Although the septa are incomplete, they can and do form a barrier to the transmission of coelomic fluid from one segment to the next under certain conditions, particularly during eversion of the proboscis. Swimming is by undulatory movements of the body but the distal part of the parapodia execute a power-stroke produced chiefly by the contraction of the acicular muscles. It is suspected that the extrinsic parapodial muscles, all of which are inserted in the proximal half of the parapodium, serve to anchor the parapodial wall at the insertion of the acicular muscles and help to provide a rigid point of insertion for them. Burrowing is a cyclical process involving the violent eversion of the proboscis which makes a cavity in the sand. The worm is prevented from slipping backwards by the grip the widest segments have on the sides of the burrow. The proboscis is retracted and the worm crawls forward into the cavity it has made. The cycle is then repeated. Nephtys possesses a unique system of elastic ligaments of unusual structure. The anatomy of the system is described. The function of the ligaments appears to be to restrain the body-wall and parapodia from unnecessary and disadvantageous dilatations during changes of body-shape, and to serve as shock-absorbers against the high, transient, fluid pressures in the coelom, which are thought to accompany the impact of the proboscis against the sand when the worm is burrowing. From what is known of its habits, Nephtys is likely to undertake more burrowing than most other polychaetes.

Heat transfer between fish and ambient water

1976 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Stevens ◽  
A. M. Sutterlin
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Major Fraction ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Sea Raven ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Hemitripterus Americanus

1. The ability of fish gills to transfer heat was measured by applying a heat pulse to blood in the ventral aorta and measuring it before and after passing through the gills of a teleost, Hemitripterus americanus. 2. 80–90% of heat contained in the blood is lost during passage through the gills. 3. The fraction of heat not lost during passage through the gills is due to direct transfer of heat between the afferent and efferent artery within the gill bar. 4. The major fraction of metabolic heat (70 - 90%) is lost through the body wall and fins of the sea raven in sea water at 5 degrees C; the remainder is lost through the gills.

scholarly journals Estabilidade osmótica dos fluídos celômicos de um pepino do mar (Holothuria grisea) e de uma estrela-do-mar (Asterina stellifera) (Echinodermata) expostos ao ar durante a maré baixa: um estudo de campo

2002 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
DENILTON VIDOLIN ◽  
IVONETE A. SANTOS GOUVEA ◽  
CAROLINA A. FREIRE
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Sunny Weather ◽  
Wall Permeability ◽  
Water Gain

Animais de entre-marés podem ser expostos ao ar durante a maré baixa, por pelo menos 1-2 horas. Os animais expostos ao ar são susceptíveis a perda de sal e/ou entrada de água durante chuva intensa, ou perda de água pela ação de dessecação do sol. A osmolalidade de amostras de fluido celômico obtidas do pepino-do-mar Holothuria grisea e da estrela-do-mar Asterina stellifera expostas ao ar, ou de animais controles imersos na água do mar adjacente foi determinada. As amostras foram obtidas imediatamente após a exposição ao ar, e novamente após uma hora de exposição ao ar, durante a maré baixa no campo, em tempo nublado, chuvoso, ou ensolarado, na Praia rochosa do Quilombo, Penha, Sul do Brasil. Uma hora de exposição a qualquer das condições climáticas indicadas não alterou a osmolalidade dos fluidos celômicos. Houve pequena redução nas osmolalidades dos fluidos celômicos durante a exposição ao ar com precipitação de chuva. Sugere-se que estes equinodermas possam imediatamente detectar sua exposição ao ar, e possam então reduzir a permeabilidade osmótica de sua parede do corpo, para evitar perda de água para o ar ou entrada de água/saída de sal durante a chuva. ABSTRACT Intertidal animals can be exposed to the air during low tide, for at least 1-2 hours. Animals exposed to the air are subject to salt loss (or water gain) from heavy rains or volume loss from the desiccating action of the sun. Coelomic fluid samples obtained from the sea-cucumber Holothuria grisea and the starfish Asterina stellifera exposed to the air or from control animals submerged in surrounding sea water have been assayed for osmolality. Samples were obtained right after air exposure and again after 1 hour of exposure to the air during low tide in the field, either under cloudy, rainy or sunny weather conditions, in the rocky beach of Quilombo, Penha, Southern Brazil. One hour of exposure to any of the conditions did not change coelomic fluid osmolalities. There was a slight reduction in coelomic fluid osmolalities upon air exposure during rainfall. It is suggested that these echinoderms can somehow immediately detect air exposure and reduce their body wall permeability to avoid water loss or water influx/salt loss during rainfall. RÉSUMÉ Animaux d’entre-marées peuvent êtres exposés a l’air libre pendant le reflux de la marée, pour environ une ou deux heures seulement. Ces animaux, quand exposés a l’air libre, sont susceptibles de perdre du sel et d’absorber de l’eau pendant une période de pluie intense. Par contre, ils peuvent perdre de l’eau si soumis a l’action de dessèchement due a une éxposition au soleil. On a réussi a determiner l’osmolalité d’échantillons du fluide celomique obtenus du Pépin-de-mer Holothuria grisea et de l’Étoile-de-mer Asterina stellifera exposés a l’air libre, e d’animaux-controles immergés dans l’eau de mer voisin. Les échantillons ont été obtenus tout de suite après l’exposition à l’air et, une seconde fois, après une heure d’exposition à l’air libre, pendant la durée de la marée basse, soit sous la pluie, soit au soleil ou soit sous un ciel ombrageux, à la plage rocailleuse de Quilombo, Penha, au sud du Brésil. Une heure d’éxposition à n’importe quelles conditions climatiques indiquées, n’ont pas pu altérer l’osmolalité des fluides celomiques, ce que sugère la conclusion que ces échinodermes peuvent détecter immédiatement sa exposition à l’air libre et peuvent tout de suite réduire la permeabilité osmotique de la membrane que recouvre son corps pour éviter perdre d’eau et, de la même façon, reduire l’absortion de l’eau pendant la pluie. On a observé une petite réduction de fluides celomiques pendant l’exposition a l’air, avec ocurrence de pluie.

Observations in the Skin Pigment and Amoebocytes, and the Occurrence of Phenolases in the Coelomic Fluid of Holothuria Forskali Delle Chiaje

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Millott
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Black Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Histological Evidence ◽  
Oxidase System ◽  
Complete Investigation ◽  
Skin Pigment

The black body-wall pigment of Holothuria forskali shows the characteristics of melanin.From histological evidence it appears that the pigment is formed in association with the amoebocytes of the coelomic fluid, which eliminate the pigment in the body wall.The amoebocytes contain a phenolase system, distinct from the cytochromecytochrome oxidase system, with the properties of tyrosinase.The relation of these findings to those of a preceding and more complete investigation into melanogenesis in Diadema is discussed.

Memoirs: Studies on the Structure, Development, and Physiology of the Nephridia of Oligochaeta VI. The Physiology of Excretion and the Significance of the Enteronephric Type of Nephridial System in Indian Earthworms

1945 ◽  
Vol s2-85 (340) ◽  
pp. 343-389
Author(s):  
KARM NARAYAN BAHL
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Brownish Yellow ◽  
Terrestrial Animal ◽  
First Time ◽  
Blood Pigment

1. In an earthworm, as in most aquatic invertebrates, urea and ammonia form the main bulk of nitrogenous excretion and there is no trace of uric acid. These excretory products are first formed in the body-wall and gut-wall, pass therefrom into the coelomic fluid and blood, and are thence eliminated to the exterior by the nephridia. In Pheretima urea and ammonia pass out from the nephridia to the exterior either directly through the skin or through the two ends of the gut. 2. Ammonia and urea have been estimated for the first time in the blood, coelomic fluid, and urine of the earthworm. It has been shown that blood is not a mere carrier of oxygen, as Rogers believed, but that it also takes part in carrying urea and ammonia from the body-wall and gut-wall to the nephridia. The blood of the earthworm does not coagulate, indicating absence of fibrinogen. 3. The role of the nephridia in excretion and osmotic regulation has been determined. A comparison of the osmotic pressures of blood, coelomic fluid, and urine shows that the coelomic fluid is hypotonic to the blood, and that urine is markedly hypotonic both to the blood and coelomic fluid. The protein and chloride contents of the blood, coelomic fluid, and urine have been determined with a view to elucidate the differences in their osmotic pressures. It has been found that the urine contains the merest trace of protein, but that the amount of proteins in the blood is about eight times that contained in the plasma of the coelomic fluid. On the contrary, the chloride content of the coelomic fluid-plasma is about 60 per cent, higher than that of the blood-plasma. 4. The part of urine which is excreted from the blood is probably a protein-free filtrate, but the nephridia reabsorb all the proteins passing into them with the coelomic fluid-plasma. Similarly, there is a reabsorption of chlorides on a large scale from the initial nephridial filtrate during its passage through the nephridia. 5. A convenient method has been devised for collecting urine of the earthworm, which has made it possible to collect as much as 25 c.c. of urine in two and a half hours. The rate of excretion of the urine has been determined and it has been found that in an earthworm living in water the outflow of urine in twenty-four hours must be more than 45 per cent, of its body-weight. 6. It seems that an earthworm, when submerged in water, can live like a fresh water animal, and its gut acts as an osmoregulatory organ in addition to the nephridia, but in the soil it lives like a terrestrial animal and the osmo-regulatory function is adequately discharged by the nephridia alone which reabsorb chlorides and proteins, and are also active in the conservation of water. In Pheretima and other earthworms with an enteronephric type of nephridial system, the gut takes a prominent part in reabsorbing the water of the nephridial fluid and conserving water to its maximum extent. 7. The phagocytic section (ciliated middle tube) believed by Schneider to be absent in the nephridia of Pheretima has been shown to be distinctly present; it is also present in the nephridia of Lampito , Eutyphoeus, and Tonoscolex. The brownish yellow granules characteristic of this phagocytic section form a heavy deposit in the septal nephridia of Pheretima posthuma, heavier than that described in Lumbricus. The deposit increases with the age of the earthworm and forms a ‘storage excretory product’. 8. Spectroscopic examination has revealed that these brownish yellow granules, so far believed to be of guanine, are really blood-pigment granules, since a pyridine solution of them shows the two characteristic bands of haemochromogen. With regard to the blood-pigment, the nephridia function as ‘storage kidneys’. 9. The mechanism of nephridial excretion of the earthworm can be analysed into processes of filtration, reabsorption, and chemical transformation. 10. It is probable that the dorsal and ventral phagocytic organs of earthworms are additional excretory organs.

The Post-embryonic Development of Phaenoserphus viator Hal. (Proctotrypoidea), a Parasite of the Larva of Pterostichus niger (Carabidae), with Notes on the Anatomy of the Larva

Parasitology ◽  
1929 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. S. Eastham
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Single Host ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerebral Commissures ◽  
Frontal Ganglion

1. The life-history of Phaenoserphus viator is described.Four larval instars are found, endoparasitic in the larvae of Pterostichus niger. At thee nd of the last larval instar the parasites, which may number as many as 45 in a single host, emerge, and while still attached, pupate without spinning a cocoon.Adults may appear in August or September.The effect of the parasite in inhibiting metamorphosis of the host is discussed.2. The first observed larva is atracheate and incompletely segmented at first and is of the polypod type bearing paired prolegs on the body segments.Subsequent instars are apodate.The tracheal system develops progressively in the several instars, but only becomes functional in the final stage.3. The anatomy of the larva is briefly described with the exception of the musculature.Tracheal development is described. Gas only appears in the tracheae after the development of the tracheole cells puts the tracheae into communication with the body wall and other organs.In the circulatory system an important accessory organ is the neural sinus, formed by the enclosure of the ventral nerve cord beneath a connective tissue curtain.The imaginal discs of the hypodermis are briefly described, these being clearly defined in the head, thorax, and posterior abdominal segments.The nervous system consists of a brain, suboesophageal ganglion and 11 ventral ganglia, the most posterior being tripartite. This system is connected with the sympathetic, by nerves passing from the cerebral commissures to a frontal ganglion which lies above the oesophagus and behind the labrum.

scholarly journals Viscoelasticity of Holothurian Body Wall

1984 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
TATSUO MOTOKAWA
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Elastic Stiffness ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Viscosity Change

1. Stress-relaxation tests and creep tests were performed on the body-wall dermis of two sea cucumbers, Actinopyga echinites (Jäger) and Holothuria leucospilota Brandt. 2. These viscoelastic connective tissues had mechanical properties which agreed well with those of a four-element mechanical model composed of two Maxwell elements connected in parallel. 3. The elastic stiffness of the dermis of Actinopyga was 1.7 MPa and that of Holothuria was 042 MPa. 4. The viscosity of the dermis showed great variation of more than two orders. 5. Chemical stimulation with artificial sea water containing 100 mM potassium increased the viscosity but not elasticity. 6. The viscosity change is suggested to be caused by the change in weak (non-covalent) bonds between macromolecules which constitute the dermis.

scholarly journals Adaptation to Changes of Salinity in the Polychaetes

1937 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Concentration Curve ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Weight Curve ◽  
Body Wall Muscles

1. Nereis diversicolor collected from the same locality at different times showed smaller weight increases in dilute sea water (25 per cent) during the winter than during the summer months. 2. In spite of great variations in the weight curve, the body fluid concentration curve was very constant. 3. The maintenance of hypertonic body fluids and the regulation of body volume are largely unconnected. 4. The lowering of the weight curve below that theoretically expected from the concentration curve cannot be attributed to passive salt loss through the body surface. It is suggested that this is due to the removal of fluid through the nephridia under the hydrostatic pressure produced by the contraction of the body wall muscles. 5. Animals previously subjected to dilute sea water, when placed in water isotonic with the body fluids, will increase the concentration of the latter. This result is more marked when the internal hydrostatic pressure is high. 6. The results suggest that the osmotic regulatory mechanism involves the removal by the nephridia of fluid hypotonic to the body fluids. But no direct evidence for this is available. 7. Calcium deficiency and cyanide in dilute sea water cause an increase of weight and ultimately inhibit the maintenance of hypertonic body fluids. Both these effects are reversible. 8. The mechanism by which body fluids are maintained hypertonic to the external medium is not sufficiently developed to be of survival value in the locality in which the animals were found. 9. The control of body volume is probably of greater importance. 10. The majority of the extra oxygen consumption in dilute sea water is not the result of osmotic work. It is suggested that it may be due to work done by the body wall muscles in resisting swelling.

Studies on the Physiology of Ascaris Lumbricoides

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
A. D. HOBSON ◽  
W. STEPHENSON ◽  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Saline Medium

1. The total osmotic pressure, electrical conductivity and chloride concentration of the body fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides and of the intestinal contents of the pig have been measured. 2. The results obtained agree with the observations of previous workers that Ascaris normally lives in a hypertonic medium and that it swells or shrinks in saline media which are too dilute or too concentrated. 3. Experiments comparing the behaviour of normal and ligatured animals show that both the body wall and the wall of the alimentary canal are surfaces through which water can pass. 4. 30% sea water has been used as a balanced saline medium for keeping the worms alive in the laboratory. This concentration was selected as being the one in which there was least change in the body weight of the animals exposed to it. 5. The osmotic pressure of the body fluid of worms kept in 30% sea water is approximately the same as in animals taken directly from the pig's intestine. The body fluid of fresh worms is hypertonic to 30% sea water and hypotonic to the intestinal fluid. In 30% sea water the normal osmotic gradient across the body wall is therefore reversed. 6. In 30% sea water the total ionic concentration (as measured by the conductivity) decreases slightly, but the chloride concentration increases by about 50%, although still remaining much below that of the external medium. 7. Experiments in which the animals were allowed to come into equilibrium with various concentrations of sea water from 20 to 40% show that there are corresponding changes in the osmotic pressure of the body fluid which is, however, always slightly above that of the saline medium. The conductivity also changes in a similar manner but is always less than that of the medium, and the difference between the two becomes progressively greater the more concentrated the medium. 8. The chloride concentration of the body fluid varies with but is always below that of the external medium, whether this is intestinal fluid or one of the saline media. In the latter the difference between the internal and external chloride concentrations is least in 20% sea water and becomes progressively greater as the concentration of the medium is increased. 9. Experiments with ligatured worms and with eviscerated cylinders of the body wall show that these share the capacity of the normal worm to maintain the chloride concentration of the body fluid below that of the environment. This power is not possessed by cylinders composed of the cuticle alone. 10. If the worms which have had their internal chloride concentration raised by exposure to 30% sea water are transferred to a medium composed of equal volumes of 30% sea water and isotonic sodium nitrate solution, the chloride concentration of the body fluid is reduced to a value below that of the external medium. This phenomenon is also displayed by worms ligatured after removal from the 30% sea water and, to an even more marked degree, by eviscerated cylinders of the body wall. 11. It is concluded that Ascaris is able to maintain the chloride concentration of the body fluid below that of the external medium by an process of chloride excretion against a concentration gradient, and that this mechanism is resident in the body wall, the cuticle being freely permeable to chloride.

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