scholarly journals Production of Oleic Acid Based Wax Ester Using Acidic Homogeneous Catalysts

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naowara Al-Arafi ◽  
Jumat Salimon
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Oleyl Alcohol ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Oleyl Oleate

Four homogeneous acidic catalysts were tested for their ability to catalyze the esterification reaction of oleic acid and oleyl alcohol to produce oleyl oleate, a wax ester. Sulfuric acid showed relatively higher specific activity. Various reaction parameters were optimised to obtain high percentage yield of oleyl oleate. The optimum condition to produce oeyl oleate was reaction time; 5 h, temperture; 90°C, amount of sulforic acid 0.15 g and molar ratio of oleyl alcohol to oleic acid; 1:1. Percentage yield of wax ester obtained at these optimum reaction conditions was 93.88. Disappearance of carboxylic acid (C=O) peak has confirmed by FTIR with appearance of ester (C=O) peak at 1739 cm−1.1H NMR spectra analyses confirmed the result of oleyl oleate with appearance of ester (-CH2OCOR) at 4.02 ppm and also the13C-NMR confirmed the result with appearance of ester (C=O) peak at 173.2 ppm. The low-temperture behavior of compound synthesized was determined through its pour point (PP), viscosity index (VI) and flash point (FP) values. The results showed that oleyl oleate exhibited the most favorable low-temperture performance of PP, VI and FP with −31°C, 197.5 and 320°C respectively. This is due to increase of the molacular weight thus improve the low temperture property significantly.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization and Optimization of Oleyl Oleate Wax Ester Using Ionic Liquid Catalysts

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 659
Author(s):  
Naowara Al-Arafi ◽  
Nadia Salih ◽  
Jumat Salimon
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Oleyl Alcohol ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid ◽  
Acidic Ionic Liquids ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Oleyl Oleate

In this work, the synthesis of oleyl oleate wax ester using Brønsted acidic ionic liquid catalysts was carried out. Confirmation of oleyl oleate molecular structure has been performed using FTIR, NMR, and ESI-MS spectroscopies. The ability of ionic liquid catalysts for catalyzing the esterification reaction of oleic acid and oleyl alcohol to produce oleyl oleate was optimized. The ionic liquid catalyst ([NMP][CH3SO3]) was found to be the best catalyst for the esterification reaction of oleic acid and oleyl alcohol compared with the other acidic ionic liquids studied. The optimal reaction conditions were determined at a reaction time of 8 h; oleic acid to oleyl alcohol mole ratio of 1:1; ([NMP][CH3SO3]) with 9.9 wt.%; and reaction temperature of 90 °C. Under these conditions, the percentage yield of oleyl oleate wax ester was 86%.

Study on the Synthesis of Isoamyl Acetate Catalyzed by Strong Acidic Cation Exchange Resin

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 2411-2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lan ◽  
Li Hong Lan ◽  
Tao Xie ◽  
An Ping Liao
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cation Exchanger ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Isoamyl Acetate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction

Isoamyl acetate was synthesized from isoamylol and glacial acetic acid with strong acidic cation exchanger as catalyst. The effects of reaction conditions such as acid-alcohol ratio, reaction time, catalyst dosage to esterification reaction have been investigated and the optimum reaction conditions can be concluded as: the molar ratio of acetic acid to isoamylol 0.8:1, reaction time 2h, 25 % of catalyst (quality of acetic acid as benchmark). The conversion rate can reach up to 75.46%. The catalytic ability didn’t reduce significantly after reusing 10 times and the results showed that the catalyst exhibited preferably catalytic activity and reusability.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽  
Fei-Ling Pua ◽  
Ee-Sann Tan
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Magnetic Catalyst ◽  
Rsm Optimization

Biomass, renewable, abundantly available and a good source of energy. The conversion of biomass waste into valuable products has received wide attention. In this study, an empty fruit bunch (oil palm EFB) supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction was successfully prepared via the one-step impregnation process. The new magnetic catalyst achieved a higher surface area of 188.87 m2/g with a total acidity of 2.4 mmol/g and identified iron oxide as g-Fe2O3. The magnetization value of 24.97 emu/g demonstrated that the superparamagnetic catalyst could be easily recovered and separated after the reaction using an external magnet. The catalytic performance of oil palm EFB supported magnetic acid catalyst was examined by esterification of oleic acid. Esterification process parameters were optimized via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization tool with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The following optimum parameters were determined: an amount of 9 wt% catalyst, molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid of 12:1, reaction time of 2 h and reaction temperature of 60 °C with a maximum conversion of 94.91% was achieved. The catalyst can be recycled up to five cycles with minimal loss in its activity. The oil palm waste-based magnetic acid catalyst indicates its potential replacement to the existing solid catalysts that are economical and environmentally friendly for the esterification process in biofuel applications. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

scholarly journals Group 13 Lewis Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of Cu2O Nanocrystals via Hydroxide Transmetallation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Gibson ◽  
Alexandria R. C. Bredar ◽  
Byron Farnum
Keyword(s):  
Oleyl Alcohol ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Colloidal Synthesis ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Group 13 ◽  
Oleyl Oleate ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Continuous Injection ◽  
Injection Procedure

The colloidal synthesis of metal oxide nanocrystals (NCs) in oleyl alcohol requires the metal to catalyze an esterification reaction with oleic acid to produce oleyl oleate ester and M-OH monomers, which then condense to form MxOy solids. Here we show that the synthesis of Cu2O NCs by this method is limited by the catalytic ability of copper to drive esterification and thus produce Cu+ -OH monomers. However, inclusion of 1-15 mol% of a group 13 cation (Al3+, Ga3+ , or In3+) results in increased yields for the consumption of copper ions toward Cu2O formation and exhibits size/morphology control based on the nature of M3+ . Using a continuous-injection procedure where the copper precursor (Cu2+ -oleate) and catalyst (M3+ -oleate) are injected into oleyl alcohol at a controlled rate, we are able to monitor the reactivity of the precursor and M3+ catalyst using UV-visible and FTIR absorbance spectroscopies. These time-dependent measurements clearly show that M3+ catalysts drive esterification to produce M3+ -OH species, which then undergo transmetallation of hydroxide ligands to generate Cu+ -OH monomers required for Cu2O condensation. Ga3+ is found to be the “goldilocks” catalyst, producing NCs with the smallest size and a distinct cubic morphology not observed for any other group 13 metal. This is believed to be due to rapid transmetallation kinetics between Ga3+ -OH and Cu + -oleate. These studies introduce a new mechanism for the synthesis of metal oxides where inherent catalysis by the parent metal (i.e. copper) can be circumvented with the use of a secondary catalyst to generate -OH ligands.

scholarly journals Silica Coating of Metal-Loaded H-ZSM-22 to Form the Core-Shell Nanostructures: Characterization, Textural Properties, and Catalytic Potency in the Esterification of Oleic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Maryam Haghighi ◽  
Mehranoosh Fereidooni
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
The Core

In this study, ZSM-22 was synthesized using N,N-diethylaniline as a template through a hydrothermal method. The proton and various metals such as zirconium, strontium, and iron were immobilized on the surface of obtained zeolites through the ion exchange method. The catalysts were studied by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption isotherms, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) elemental analysis, and Temperature-Programmed Desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH3) technique for determining the number of acid sites. In the esterification reaction of oleic acid, the operating conditions such as catalyst dosage, temperature, molar ratio of methanol to oil, and reaction time were optimized and adjusted at 11 wt%, 70°C, 10 : 1, and 48 h subsequently. The maximum yield% of 48.07% was achieved in the presence of Zr-H-ZSM-22 at optimum conditions. In order to improve the efficiency of three zeolites Zr-H-ZSM-22, Fe-H-ZSM-22, and Sr-H-ZSM-22, the core-shell structures with SiO2 coating were prepared. Zr-H-ZSM-22@SiO2 was less active than Zr-H-ZSM-22 due to the SiO2 coverage of Lewis active sites.

scholarly journals Synthesis of palm oil based polymeric ester through cationic addition polymerisation method

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Yan Irawan ◽  
Ika Juliana ◽  
Emil Budianto
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Polymeric Surfactant ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
Distribution Type

In this study, the synthesis of palm oil-based polymeric ester for application as a polymeric surfactant was carried out by a cationic addition polymerisation method through two steps. The initial step is a synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters oleate (FAMEO) through esterification reaction between oleic acid and methanol. The optimum conditions of the esterification reaction were carried out at a temperature of 70–80oC for 4 hours with the addition of 1wt% sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The molar ratio between oleic acid and methanol was 1:3. FAMEO was analysed using GCMS to determine the methyl ester content. The second step is the polymerisation of FAMEO. The polymerisation reaction of FAMEO was carried out at 120, 140, and 160oC with 1wt%, 3wt% and 5wt% of boron trifluoride dihydrate as a catalyst and an initiator of polymerisation reaction for 4 to 24 hours of reaction. The reaction conversion of the product was 66%. The polymeric ester was analysed H-NMR. Meanwhile, the molecular weight of that product was 1714 g/mol which analysed using GPC and the PDI was 1.12346 or equal to 1.12. It means that the polymerisation technique was controlled or living polymerisation, which indicates that the distribution type of this product was narrow monodisperse.

scholarly journals Esterification of Benzyl Alcohol with Acetic Acid over Mesoporous H-ZSM-5

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desy Tri Kusumaningtyas ◽  
Didik Prasetyoko ◽  
Suprapto Suprapto ◽  
Sugeng Triwahyono ◽  
Aishah Abdul Jalil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Benzyl Alcohol ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
Optimum Reaction

In this study, the performance of mesoporous ZSM-5 has been studied on the esterification of acetic acid (AA) with benzyl alcohol (BA). The mesoporous ZSM-5 catalyst has been synthesized with the variation of aging time i.e. 6, 12, and 24 hours at the same temperature, 70 °C. The cation exchange of Na-ZSM-5 to H-ZSM-5 was performed before the catalytic activity test. The acidity type and amount of solids were determined by FT-IR spectroscopy using pyridine as a probe molecule. The characterization by pyridine adsorption showed that at a higher mesoporous surface area, the number of Lewis acid was increased. The highest mesoporous surface area, Lewis, and Brönsted acid sites were obtained by sample which has the lowest crystallinity, i.e. 255.78 m2/g, 0.2732 mmol/g, and 0.20612 mmol/g, respectively. Influence of mesoporous volume was studied on the catalytic activity of the mesoporous ZSM-5 in the esterification reaction. Conversion of acetic acid in the esterification reaction for samples of    HZ-6, HZ-12, and HZ-24 were obtained by titration methods, i.e. 39.59, 36.39, and 32.90 %, respectively. Hence, the reaction temperature of 393 K, molar ratio 1:4 (AA:BA) and catalyst loading 5 % were selected as an optimum reaction parameters. Copyright © 2017 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 21st November 2016; Revised: 1st February 2017; Accepted: 18th February 2017How to Cite: Kusumaningtyas, D.T., Prasetyoko, D., Suprapto, Triwahyono, S., Jalil, A.A., Rosidah, A. (2017). Esterification of Benzyl Alcohol with Acetic Acid over Mesoporous H-ZSM-5. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 12 (2): 243-250 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.12.2.806.243-250)Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.2.806.243-250 

scholarly journals Kinetics of Enzymatic Synthesis of Liquid Wax Ester from Oleic Acid and Oleyl Alcohol

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salina Mat Radzi ◽  
Rosfarizan Mohamad ◽  
Mahiran Basri ◽  
Abu Bakar Salleh ◽  
Arbakariya Ariff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Enzymatic Synthesis ◽  
Oleyl Alcohol ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals MODIFICAÇÃO QUÍMICA DO POLIPROPILENO ATRAVÉS DA INTRODUÇÃO DE GRUPOS SULFÔNICOS PARA APLICAÇÃO COMO CATALISADOR EM REAÇÕES DE ESTERIFICAÇÃO

Química Nova ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Aud ◽  
Giovani Lourenço ◽  
Lynicker Dourado ◽  
Rosana Assunção
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Esterification Reactions

CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION OF SULPHONIC GROUPS FOR APPLICATION AS CATALYST IN ESTERIFICATION REACTIONS. In this work, the chemical modification of pristine polypropylene was carried out through sulfonation reactions with concentrated sulfuric acid (PPS1) and fuming sulfuric acid (PPS2), for production of heterogeneous catalysts used in esterification reactions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, degree of substitution and ion exchange capacity showed that both sulfonation agents were effective to promote the functionalization of polypropylene, with the fuming sulfuric acid capable of promoting a greater chemical modification. The materials catalytic activity in esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol was evaluated at 100 ºC, methanol: oleic acid molar ratio of 78:1 and with 5 wt% of catalyst (referred to oleic acid weight). It was observed that reaction catalyzed by PPS1 converted 68.02% of oleic acid to methyl oleate in 3 hours of reaction, while PPS2 reached 86.47% conversion in five hours, showing even greater catalytic efficiency than the commercial ion exchange resin, Amberlyst 15. Therefore, the conditions employed for the sulfonation of polypropylene were satisfactory to produce materials with acid characteristics necessary to catalyze the esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol.

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