scholarly journals Division of Labor inPachycondyla striataFr. Smith, 1858 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo da Silva-Melo ◽  
Edilberto Giannotti
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Young Workers ◽  
Brood Care ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Temporal Polyethism ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Nest Maintenance

Four colonies of the antPachycondyla striatawere used to analyze the specie behavioral repertoire. Forty-six behavioral acts were recorded in laboratory. Here, we present the record the division of labor between the castes and the temporal polyethism of monomorphic workers. The queens carried out many of the behavioral traits recorded in this work however; they performed them less frequently compared to the worker. The workers activity involved chasing and feeding on fresh insects and usingthem to nourish larvae besides laying eggs in the C-posture, an activity also performed by queens, which is similar to that of wasps of the subfamilyStenogastrinae. The young workers were involved in activities of brood care, sexuate care, and nest maintenance, and the older workers were involved in defense, exploration, and foraging.

Factors determining temporal division of labor in honeybees

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2947-2952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Winston ◽  
Elizabeth Neilson Punnett
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Young Workers ◽  
Brood Care ◽  
Related Sequence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Relationship

Honeybee workers perform tasks in an age-related sequence during their lifetimes, with young workers generally performing hive duties and older workers guarding the entrance. The relationship between the timing of brood care and foraging and the colony characteristics of worker population, age distribution, and brood care were examined in order to determine the influence of colony growth on the ontogeny of worker activities. Foraging age was strongly correlated with colony population but not with age distribution or brood area. The age when workers cared for brood was weakly correlated with colony population and not correlated with age distribution or brood area. The results suggest that the ages when tasks are performed depend in part on colony population and less on age distribution and brood area.

Who Gets Their First Job at a Large Firm? The Distinct Roles of Education and Skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 465-469
Author(s):  
Jaime Arellano-Bover
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Large Firm ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Young Workers ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Formative Time ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
First Job

Young workers' early years in the labor market are a key and formative time. Using data from 31 countries, this article documents the selection of labor market entrants into large firms, which existing literature associates with propitious environments for young workers. The young and inexperienced are underrepresented at large firms compared to experienced and older workers. Entrants who do get their first job at large firms are positively selected in terms of education and cognitive skills. The patterns of large-firm selection (i.e., importance of education vs. skills) somewhat differ between Europe, East and Southeast Asia, and North America.

scholarly journals Age and ovarian development are related to worker personality and task allocation in the ant Leptothorax acervorum

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Kühbandner ◽  
Andreas P. Modlmeier ◽  
Susanne Foitzik
Keyword(s):  
Social Insects ◽  
Task Allocation ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Brood Care ◽  
Age Polyethism ◽  
Behavioral Variation ◽  
Worker Behavior ◽  
Leptothorax Acervorum ◽  
And Task

Abstract In social insects, workers of different morphological castes and age are known to act differently. Yet, it is unclear how body size and ovarian development influence worker personalities (i.e. consistent behavioral variation) and task allocation in similar aged ant workers of monomorphic species. Behavioral variation is thought to be a key element of division of labor, but few studies have linked worker personality to task allocation. We investigated individual behavior in Leptothorax acervorum ant workers at two time points during the first three months of their life and in two different settings. We observed worker behavior in the nest (i.e. task allocation) and in standardized aggression, exploration and brood care experiments (i.e. personality) and found behavioral repeatability in foraging and exploration. Further, workers acted consistently across settings: workers with a more aggressive and exploratory personality type were more active in the nest. Moreover, ovarian development was associated with worker personality and task allocation: older workers with well-developed ovaries foraged less, but were more aggressive and exploratory. In accordance with the typical age-polyethism of social insects, workers became more active and foraged more as they grew older. Consequently, our study suggests that task allocation in Leptothorax acervorum is not only influenced by ovarian development and age, but moreover by the personalities of its workers.

scholarly journals Time course analysis of the brain transcriptome during transitions between brood care and reproduction in the clonal raider ant

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Libbrecht ◽  
Peter R. Oxley ◽  
Daniel J. C. Kronauer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Brood Care ◽  
Insect Societies ◽  
Multiple Time Points ◽  
Care Behavior

AbstractDivision of labor between reproductive queens and non-reproductive workers that perform brood care is the hallmark of insect societies. However, the molecular basis of this fundamental dichotomy remains poorly understood, in part because the caste of an individual cannot typically be experimentally manipulated at the adult stage. Here we take advantage of the unique biology of the clonal raider ant, Ooceraea biroi, where reproduction and brood care behavior can be experimentally manipulated in adults. To study the molecular regulation of reproduction and brood care, we induced transitions between both states, and monitored brain gene expression at multiple time points. We found that introducing larvae that inhibit reproduction and induce brood care behavior caused much faster changes in adult gene expression than removing larvae. The delayed response to the removal of the larval signal prevents untimely activation of reproduction in O. biroi colonies. This resistance to change when removing a signal also prevents premature modifications in many other biological processes. Furthermore, we found that the general patterns of gene expression differ depending on whether ants transition from reproduction to brood care or vice versa, indicating that gene expression changes between phases are cyclic rather than pendular. Our analyses also identify genes with large and early expression changes in one or both transitions. These genes likely play upstream roles in regulating reproduction and behavior, and thus constitute strong candidates for future molecular studies of the evolution and regulation of reproductive division of labor in insect societies.

Synergistic evolution of halictine nest architecture and social behavior

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 925-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Knerer
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Nest Architecture ◽  
Brood Care ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Evolutionary Pathways ◽  
Ground Nesting

Halictinae are a large and taxonomically diverse group of ground-nesting bees. Solitary and social members coexist in all faunal zones, and several distinct evolutionary pathways to higher social levels can be discerned among extant species. The genus Evylaeus embraces the most advanced halictine societies known. These are made up of a queen and numerous small, unmated and nonreproductive workers. A strong correlation exists between architectural complexity and the level of socialization attained in those forms, since only a structural preadaptation permits a development of large colonies possessing a division of labor and intensive brood care.

scholarly journals Young Workers’ Access to and Awareness of Occupational Safety and Health Services: Age-Differences and Possible Drivers in a Large Survey of Employees in Italy

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Dragano ◽  
Claudio Barbaranelli ◽  
Marvin Reuter ◽  
Morten Wahrendorf ◽  
Brad Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Occupational Safety And Health ◽  
Young Workers ◽  
Small Companies ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Younger Workers ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Large Survey

Young workers are in particular need of occupational safety and health (OSH) services, but it is unclear whether they have the necessary access to such services. We compared young with older workers in terms of the access to and awareness of OSH services, and examined if differences in employment conditions accounted for age-differences. We used survey data from Italy (INSuLA 1, 2014), with a sample of 8000 employed men and women aged 19 to 65 years, including 732 young workers aged under 30 years. Six questions measured access to services, and five questions assessed awareness of different OSH issues. Several employment conditions were included. Analyses revealed that young workers had less access and a lower awareness of OSH issues compared with older workers. For instance, odds ratios (OR) suggest that young workers had a 1.44 times higher likelihood [95%—confidence interval 1.21–1.70] of having no access to an occupational physician, and were more likely (2.22 [1.39–3.38]) to be unaware of legal OSH frameworks. Adjustment for selected employment conditions (company size, temporary contract) substantially reduced OR’s, indicating that these conditions contribute to differences between older and younger workers. We conclude that OSH management should pay particular attention to young workers in general and, to young workers in precarious employment, and working in small companies in particular.

The Long-Term Costs of Job Displacement for Young Adult Workers

ILR Review ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori G. Kletzer ◽  
Robert W. Fairlie
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
Job Displacement ◽  
Young Workers ◽  
Earnings Growth ◽  
Earnings Losses ◽  
Expected Earnings ◽  
Annual Earnings

Using NLSY data, the authors estimate the long-term costs of job displacement for young adults. Earnings and wage losses were large for the first three years following displacement. Compared to earnings losses found by other studies for more mature workers, however, earnings losses for these young adults were short-lived, with differences between observed and expected earnings narrowing considerably five years after job loss. At that point, the shortfall in annual earnings (relative to what would have been expected absent job loss) was 9% for men and 12.5% for women, and the shortfall in hourly wages was 21.2% for men. Young workers also apparently differ from more established workers in the composition of total earnings losses: for older workers, total losses largely represent actual, immediate earnings losses, whereas for young workers the loss of opportunities for rapid earnings growth is more important.

scholarly journals Division of Labor: A Democratic Approach to Understanding Manual Asymmetries in Non-Human Primates

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhur Mangalam ◽  
Nisarg Desai ◽  
Mewa Singh
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Manual Asymmetries ◽  
Usage Patterns

A consequence of the ‘gold rush’ like hunch for human-like handedness in non-human primates has been that researchers have been continually analyzing observations at the level of the population, ignoring the analysis at the level of an individual and, consequently, have potentially missed revelations on the forms and functions of manual asymmetries. Recently, consecutive studies on manual asymmetries in bonnet macaques, Macaca radiata [Mangalam et al., 2014a; Mangalam et al., 2014b] revealed both the functional and the adaptive significance of manual asymmetries respectively, and pointed towards the division of labor as being the general principle underlying the observed hand-usage patterns. We review the studies on manual asymmetries in capuchin monkeys, Cebus spp. and argue that the observed hand-usage patterns might reflect specialization of the two hands for accomplishing tasks that require different dexterity types (i.e., maneuvering in three dimensional space or physical strength). To this end, we do a step-by-step analysis of the various tasks used in the studies on manual asymmetries in capuchin monkeys, wherein we: (a) analyze the different manual tasks that have been used to study manual asymmetries in non-human primates on the basis of the attributes such as the number of hands required to solve a given task (i.e., unimanual, pseudo unimanual, or bimanual) and the spatiotemporal progression of manual actions (i.e., sequential or concurrent). (b) Determine the forms and functions of manual asymmetries that these tasks can potentially elicit within the broader scope of the behavioral repertoire of an individual, a population, or a species. (c) Qualify the scope of the inter-individual, -population, or -species comparisons. We then describe the division of labor as a general principle underlying manual asymmetries in non-human primates, and propose experimental designs that would elaborate the forms and functions of manual asymmetries in non-human primates, and the associated adaptive value.

scholarly journals Worker-behavior and behavior-behavior interaction networks in the trap-jaw ant Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille, 1802)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Marcel Neves ◽  
Marcelo Eduardo Borges ◽  
Marcio R. Pie
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Network Applications ◽  
Network Topologies ◽  
Ecological Success ◽  
Organizational Patterns ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Odontomachus Chelifer

AbstractDivision of labor is among the main factors to explain the evolutionary success of social systems, from the origins of multicellularity to complex animal societies. The remarkable ecological success of social insects seems to have been largely driven by ergonomic advantages stemming from the behavioral specialization of workers. However, little is known about how individuals and their correspondent behavioral repertoire are related to each other within a division of labor context, as this relationship can be viewed as a complex network. Applications of network theory in the study of social insects are almost exclusively used to analyze behavioral interactions between individuals, rather than to the study of relations among individuals and behaviors. Here, we use a new approach to the study of the organization of the behavioral repertoire of ant colonies, which consider both individual-task interactions and task-task interactions, besides colony time budgets. Our study investigates for the first time the organization of division of labor in colonies of the trap-jaw ant Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille 1802). Data from all the behavioral acts (including inactivity) performed within three queenright colonies of different sizes (n = 7, 30, and 60 workers) were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. Each ant within the colonies was individually marked and observed by scan sampling in 10 min intervals for 10 h each (n = 5820 behavioral acts). We describe the network topologies in terms of centrality, specialization, modularity, and nestedness. This study shows that workers of O. chelifer interact in structured networks composed of specialists and generalists with consistent organization, even across colonies of different sizes. Our results underscore the potential of the use of complex networks in order to discover and study novel organizational patterns of social groups in animal behavior.

scholarly journals Young Workers in Transition: Explaining the Density Gap by a Life-course Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laust Høgedahl ◽  
Rasmus Juul Møberg
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Union Density ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Western World ◽  
Young Workers ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
Point Of Departure

A common challenge for all trade unions in most of the Western world is the growing trade union density gap between young and older workers. In this paper, we examine the generational trade union gap with point of departure in the Danish case. Our data stem from two large surveys (APL II & III).We find that young workers are not more individualized; to the contrary, unorganized young workers have a growing collective mind-set. Through the lens of a life-course perspective, our data show that young workers have a growing ‘fluidic’ working life. Many young workers also take jobs in parts of the labor market with weak trade unions representation not allowing them to get in contact with trade unions representatives.

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