scholarly journals Postplanting Nutritional Augmentation of Jeffrey Pine Seedlings on an Infertile Sierran Site

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Roger F. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Release Formulation ◽  
Mn Toxicity ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Jeffrey Pine ◽  
N Source ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Source Duration

Broadcast fertilization with an array of amendments was investigated for its capacity to stimulate growth and enhance nutrition of a three-year-old Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyiGrev. & Balf.) plantation growing on an acidic Sierra Nevada surface mine. Four formulations that differed in N source, duration of release, and the suite of nutrients provided were evaluated, with each applied using four rates. Free Flow 29-3-4, a conventional amendment featuring urea as its near exclusive N source, and High N 22-4-6, a controlled release formulation containing ammoniacal, nitrate, and urea N, were the most stimulatory while an organic formulation relying exclusively on a municipal biosolid N source, Milorganite 6-2-0, was the least so. The lowest application rates employed were inadequate while the most advantageous was not the highest rate for any formulation. Foliar analysis revealed that improved N nutrition was probably critical in the favorable growth responses to fertilization, that of P was a likely contributor, and amelioration of potential Mn toxicity may have assumed an accessory role.

Establishment of Jeffrey Pine Seedlings from Animal Caches

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Vander Wall
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Pinus Jeffreyi ◽  
Jeffrey Pine ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Abstract Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) seeds have large wings and are effectively dispersed by wind, but 37% of the seedling emergence sites in spring 1989 in the Sierra Nevada of western Nevada consisted of tight clumps of seedlings. By fall 1989, 41% of all emergence sites where seedlings survived had resulted from what were originally clumps of seedlings. As Jeffrey pines aged, clumps became smaller, and the frequency of clumps decreased. These seedling clumps and many single seedlings emerged from the scattered caches of seed-hoarding rodents and corvids, and the activities of these animals in the study area were sufficient to account for most of the Jeffrey pine seedling establishment observed. Cached seeds may gain important advantages over uncached seeds in the semiarid habitat occupied by this pine. West. J. Appl. For. 7(1):14-20

Recaching of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) seeds by yellow pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus): potential effects on plant reproductive success

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B.Vander Wall ◽  
Jamie W Joyner
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Pinus Jeffreyi ◽  
Nurse Plants ◽  
Plant Reproductive Success ◽  
Jeffrey Pine ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Tamias Amoenus ◽  
Yellow Pine

Animals that scatter-hoard seeds frequently dig up and recache them at new locations. The effect of the recaching of seeds on plant reproductive success was studied in the Sierra Nevada of western Nevada. The fate of 1000 individually marked Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) seeds initially placed in 100 primary caches in a 10 x 10 array was monitored during autumn 1995 and spring 1996. Yellow pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus) quickly removed nearly all of the seeds and recached many of them in 377 secondary caches containing 727 seeds. Later, rodents dug up most of these caches and transferred them to 213 tertiary caches (283 seeds), 75 quaternary caches (92 seeds), and 13 quintic (fifth order) caches (13 seeds). Overall, rodents ate 15.3% of the seeds they took from primary through quintic caches, and an additional 71.1% of the seeds disappeared, probably to underground runways and larders. During our spring survey of the study site, 133 seeds (13.6%) from 84 caches had germinated or were about to germinate. As rodents moved seeds from cache site to cache site, several changes occurred that potentially influenced the distribution and survival of Jeffrey pine seedlings. First, the number of seeds per cache decreased. Second, cached seeds were gradually moved farther from the source area. Third, the dispersal distance between successive cache sites decreased. Fourth, the distribution of cached seeds became more even. Lastly, more seeds were cached beneath shrubs, which serve as nurse plants for Jeffrey pine seedlings. Consequently, the movement of seeds between cache sites by chipmunks may increase the probability that Jeffrey pine seedlings will establish from rodent caches.

scholarly journals Production of Containerized Jeffrey Pine Planting Stock for Harsh Sites: Growth and Nutrition as Influenced by Controlled-Release Fertilization

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Walker ◽  
C. D. Huntt
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Planting Stock ◽  
Jeffrey Pine ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Growth And Nutrition ◽  
Shoot And Root Growth

Abstract Low, medium, and high rates of four controlled-release nutrient amendments, Sierra 17-6-10, Sierrablen 18-7-10, High N 24-4-8, and Osmocote 18-6-12, were evaluated for their effect on production of containerized Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) planting stock. Peters 20-10-20 water soluble fertilizer treatments and nonfertilized seedlings provided for comparisons of amendment formulation effects on growth and nutrition. In general, growth increased with increasing amendment application rates regardless offormulation. Seedlings fertilized with Peters 20-10-20 had the greatest shoot growth, although those that received Sierra 17-6-10 or High N 24-4-8 were only marginally smaller. The Sierra formulation proved most effective in the stimulation of root growth. Shoot/root ratios rose with amendment application rates, although all treatments produced proportional shoot and root mass. Fertilized seedlings had higher foliar N, P, and S concentrations, while K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and B concentrations were higher in nonfertilized seedlings. It is likely that N, P, and S nutrition contributed heavily to the variation in shoot and root growth among treatments. The aridity of the western Great Basin and eastern Sierra Nevada renders the regeneration of forests and woodlands difficult, but with careful selection of formulation and application rate, controlled-release fertilization may facilitate the production of container stock with the large caliper and balanced shoot and root growth necessary for successful field establishment on the harsh sites of this region. West. J. Appl. For. 15(2):86-91.

Inoculant formulation and fertilizer nitrogen effects on field pea: Nodulation, N2 fixation and nitrogen partitioning

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
W. A. Rice ◽  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Nitrogen Partitioning ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
River Region ◽  
Inoculant Formulation

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) acreage has expanded rapidly in the past 10 yr in the Peace River Region of Alberta as well as western Canada. Understanding nitrogen dynamics of Rhizobium inoculants and applied N will provide farmers opportunities to improve N nutrition of field pea. Field experiments were conducted (a) to compare the effects of soil inoculation using granular inoculant, and seed inoculation using peat powder and liquid inoculants with an uninoculated check, on field pea nodulation and N2 fixation, and (b) to determine whether starter N is required by field pea to enhance N2 fixation. The effects of inoculant formulation on nodule number, N accumulation and N2 fixation were in the order: granular > peat powder > liquid = uninoculated. Field pea, from soil-applied inoculant, accumulated more N prior to and during podfilling than field pea with seed-applied inoculant. Fertilizer N application rates < 40 kg N ha-1 had no significant effects on biomass N at flatpod, indicating that starter N was not necessary. Application rates greater than 40 kg N ha-1 reduced nodulation, but the total amounts of N accumulated by plants did not vary. The close proximity of a highly concentrated band of N fertilizer had a greater impact on nodulation and subsequent N2 fixation than the residual soil N level. Under field conditions, soil-applied inoculant improved N nutrition of field pea compared to seed-applied inoculation, with or without applied urea-N. Key words: Granular inoculant, Pisum sativum, Rhizobium, inoculation, field pea, nodulation, N2 fixation

scholarly journals Different types of N nutrition and their impact on endogenous cytokinin levels in Festulolium and Trifolium pratense

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Neuberg ◽  
D. Pavlíková ◽  
E. Žižková ◽  
V. Motyka ◽  
M. Pavlík
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Endogenous Cytokinin ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
N Source ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

This study aims to reveal and to compare effects of two different systems of nitrogen (N) nutrition (sidedress application or injection application) on toxicity of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and mixed nutrition. We investigated whether NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> or mixed (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>) application causes significant changes in the endogenous levels of cytokinins (CK), whole plant N and their effects on yield of selected plants. Ammonium sulphate or ammonium nitrate were used as N source in the pot experiment. The yield of Festulolium and Trifolium pratense L. above-ground biomass and roots was more substantially enhanced after sidedress application of both ammonium sources in comparison with injection application. Our results confirmed that the accumulation of CKs in plants is in correlation with their N content (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.66&ndash;0.98). Proportions between individual CK forms remained relatively steady and their dynamics exhibited similar trends after N application. Our results indicate that the negative effect of the application of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> on the growth of Festulolium and clover plants could be effectively modulated by the presence of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&minus;</sup>.

scholarly journals Dwarf Mistletoe-Host Interactions in Mixed-Conifer Forests in the Sierra Nevada

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia E. Maloney ◽  
David M. Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Lake Tahoe ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Lake Tahoe Basin ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Jeffrey Pine ◽  
White Fir

We determined the spatial pattern of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) associated with two different conifer hosts, white fir (Abies concolor) and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), in forests around the Lake Tahoe Basin and at the Teakettle Experimental Forest, both located in the Sierra Nevada. We also examined a number of host variables and bark beetle incidence to determine how these factors might be involved in the Arceuthobium—conifer interaction. There was no significant relationship between dwarf mistletoe-infected trees and associated bark beetles. We found the highest incidence of dwarf mistletoe on Jeffrey pine in Lake Tahoe (87%), followed by dwarf mistletoe on white fir in Lake Tahoe (30%), with the lowest incidence on white fir at Teakettle (27%). Dwarf mistletoe incidence on white fir in our Lake Tahoe grid was not correlated to density but the dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR) was positively correlated to host size. At the Teakettle Forest, dwarf mistletoe incidence on white fir was not correlated with host density but the DMR was correlated with host size. Dwarf mistletoe incidence and DMR on Jeffrey pine were correlated with host density. Individuals, of both conifer species, in all diameter size classes were susceptible to dwarf mistletoe, with the lowest infection rate in the seedling-10-cm-diameter class. Arceuthobium on white fir in Lake Tahoe showed spatial dependence to a range of 20 m. However, Arceuthobium on Jeffrey pine in Lake Tahoe and on white fir at Teakettle showed no clear pattern of spatial structuring. The degree of infection and stand history appear to be important in the spatial dynamics of Arceuthobium spp.

Growth responses of ponderosa pine to long-term exposure to ozone, wet and dry acidic deposition, and drought

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Temple ◽  
George H. Riechers ◽  
Paul R. Miller ◽  
Robert W. Lennox
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Growth Responses

A 3-year field study of the cumulative effects of ozone (O3), wet and dry acidic deposition, and soil water availability was conducted on ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.) in the Sierra Nevada of California from 1988 to 1990. Thirty-six 2-year-old potted seedlings were placed in each of 30 chambers and exposed from May through October to three levels of O3 (charcoal-filtered (CF), nonfiltered (NF), and NF plus 1.5 times ambient O3 (NF150)); three levels of acidity in simulated rain (pH 3.5, 4.4, 5.3); two levels of dry deposition (60 or 90% filtration), and two levels of soil water availability (well watered (WW) or drought stressed (DS)). An additional six plots served as ambient air (AA) controls. One-third (432) of the trees were harvested at the end of each exposure season. Low soil water availability was the only stress factor to significantly affect growth following the first exposure season. After the second season, O3 significantly reduced foliar biomass in WW–NF150 trees, but DS seedlings did not respond to O3. After 3 years of exposure, WW–NF150 trees averaged 70% loss of 1988 needles and 48% loss of 1989 foliage. Ozone-injured seedlings compensated for these losses by increased growth of current-year needles and stems and also increased growth of fine feeder roots. Radial stem growth and coarse-root growth were significantly reduced in O3-injured trees. DS trees in NF150 chambers averaged half the needle loss of WW trees and showed no reduction in radial growth in response to O3. Rain pH and dry deposition had no direct effects on growth of ponderosa pine. These cumulative responses to interacting stresses indicate the importance of multifactorial, long-term studies to evaluate forest tree responses to atmospheric deposition.

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